{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T11:12:11Z","timestamp":1772277131988,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL117285-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL117285-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-018-0469-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T14:16:25Z","timestamp":1518185785000},"page":"1230-1237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparison of Measures of Adiposity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among African American Adults: the Jackson Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ronny A.","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Saldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain G.","family":"Bertoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valery S.","family":"Effoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen G.","family":"Hairston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita R.","family":"Kalyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnita F.","family":"Norwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"469_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485","volume":"135","author":"EJ Benjamin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146\u2013603. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"469_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X159489","volume":"23","author":"SC Smith Jr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith SC Jr, Haslam D. Abdominal obesity, waist circumference and cardio-metabolic risk: awareness among primary care physicians, the general population and patients at risk\u2014the Shape of the Nations survey. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(1):29\u201347. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1185\/030079906X159489\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"11","key":"469_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1001\/2012.jama.11132","volume":"308","author":"IJ Neeland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neeland IJ, Turer AT, Ayers CR, Powell-Wiley TM, Vega GL, Garzaneh-Far R, et al. Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. JAMA. 2012;308(11):1150\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/2012.jama.11132\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"469_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swainson MG, Batterham AM, Tsakirides C, Rutherford ZH, Hind K. Prediction of whole-body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue mass from five anthropometric variables. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177175. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0177175\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177175"},{"key":"469_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103483","volume":"9","author":"M Ashwell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ashwell M, Mayhew L, Richardson J, Rickayzen B. Waist-to-height ratio is more predictive of years of life lost than body mass index. PLoS One. 2014;9:e103483. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103483\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"469_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00952.x","volume":"13","author":"M Ashwell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2012;13(3):275\u201386. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00952.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"469_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1584","volume":"95","author":"HJ Schneider","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schneider HJ, Friedrich N, Klotsche J, Pieper L, Nauck M, John U, et al. The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular events and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1777\u201385. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-1584\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"469_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.958","volume":"235","author":"P Wohlfahrt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wohlfahrt P, Somers VK, Cifkova R, Filipovsky J, Seidlerova J, Krajcoviechova A, et al. Relationship between measures of central and general adiposity with aortic stiffness in the general population. Atherosclerosis. 2014;235(2):625\u201331. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.958\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"469_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-13-1067","volume":"78","author":"A Hori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hori A, Nanri A, Sakamoto N, Kuwahara K, Nagahama S, Kato N, et al. Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio for predicting the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors by age in Japanese workers\u2014Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. Circ J. 2014;78(5):1160\u20138. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.CJ-13-1067\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"8","key":"469_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.02.005","volume":"24","author":"LJ Ware","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ware LJ, Rennie KL, Kruger HS, Kruger IM, Greeff M, Fourie CM, et al. Evaluation of waist-to-height ratio to predict 5-year cardiometabolic risk in sub-Saharan African adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(8):900\u20137. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.02.005\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"469_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.08.012","volume":"61","author":"CMY Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee CMY, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M. Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(7):646\u201353. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.08.012\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"469_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2011.0070","volume":"10","author":"S Khalili","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khalili S, Hatami M, Hadaegh F, Sheikholeslami F, Azizi F. Prediction of cardiovascular events with consideration of general and central obesity measures in diabetic adults: results of the 8.4-year follow-up. Metabol Syndrome Related Disord. 2012;10(3):218\u201324. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/met.2011.0070\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Metabol Syndrome Related Disord"},{"key":"469_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO Expert Consultation. 2008. Available at: \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44583\/1\/9789241501491_eng.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"4 Suppl 6","key":"469_CR14","first-page":"S6","volume":"15","author":"SR Fuqua","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fuqua SR, Wyatt SB, Andrew ME, Sarpong DF, Henderson FR, Cunningham MF, et al. Recruiting African-American research participation in the Jackson Heart Study: methods, response rates and sample description. Ethn Dis. 2005;15(4 Suppl 6):S6\u201318-29.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"469_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9629(15)40495-1","volume":"317","author":"CT Sempos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sempos CT, Bild DE, Manolio TA. Overview of the Jackson Heart Study: a study of cardiovascular diseases in African American men and women. Am J Med Sci. 1999;317(3):142\u20136. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9629(15)40495-1\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"469_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200409000-00001","volume":"328","author":"MA Carpenter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carpenter MA, Crow R, Steffes M, Rock W, Heilbraun J, Evans G, et al. Laboratory, reading center, and coordinating center data management methods in the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Med Sci. 2004;328(3):131\u201344. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000441-200409000-00001\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"469_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S062","volume":"33","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2010","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(Supplement_1):S62\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc10-S062\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"469_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","volume":"44","author":"ER DeLong","year":"1988","unstructured":"DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988 Sep;44(3):837\u201345. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2531595\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"02","key":"469_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000144","volume":"23","author":"LM Browning","year":"2010","unstructured":"Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0.5 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(02):247\u201369. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954422410000144\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"469_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20151","volume":"21","author":"PT Katzmarzyk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katzmarzyk PT, Mire E, Bray GA, Greenway FL, Heymsfield SB, Bouchard C. Anthropometric markers of obesity and mortality in white and African American adults: the pennington center longitudinal study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(5):1070\u20135. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.20151\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"469_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kazlauskaite R, Avery-Mamer EF, Li H, Chataut CP, Janssen I, Powell LH, et al. Race\/ethnic comparisons of waist-to-height ratio for cardiometabolic screening: the study of women\u2019s health across the nation. Am J Hum Biol. 2017;29 \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.22909\n                    \n                  . Epub 2016 Nov 1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22909"},{"issue":"6","key":"469_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803226","volume":"30","author":"HD McCarthy","year":"2006","unstructured":"McCarthy HD, Ashwell M. A study of central fatness using waist-to-height ratios in UK children and adolescents over two decades supports the simple message\u2014\u2018keep your waist circumference to less than half your height\u2019. Int J Obes (London). 2006;30(6):988\u201392. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803226\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Int J Obes (London)"},{"issue":"12","key":"469_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.10.007","volume":"24","author":"GC Kabat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kabat GC, Heo M, Van Horn LV, Kazlauskaite R, Getaneh A, et al. Longitudinal association of anthropometric measures of adiposity with cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(12):896\u2013902. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.10.007\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-018-0469-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-018-0469-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-018-0469-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T23:07:26Z","timestamp":1589670446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-018-0469-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-018-0469-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study in accordance with the protocol of the parent study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}