{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:51:42Z","timestamp":1768823502834,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01102-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T19:26:20Z","timestamp":1626809180000},"page":"1626-1631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["William A. Hinton (1883\u20131959): Diagnosing and Confronting Racism in the Medical Profession"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. William","family":"Lensch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9317-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott H.","family":"Podolsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2028487","volume":"384","author":"DB Morris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morris DB, Gruppuso PA, McGee HA, Murillo AL, Grover A, Adashi EY. Diversity of the national medical student body\u2014four decades of inequities. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1661\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"1102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2009.09.064","volume":"51","author":"MA Nivet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nivet MA. Minorities in academic medicine: review of the literature. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(4 Suppl):S53\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"1102_CR3","unstructured":"Nabrit, BA Question of merit: a study of William Augustus Hinton. Undergraduate thesis: The Committee of History and Science. Harvard University, Cambridge MA; 1972."},{"key":"1102_CR4","unstructured":"Coons AH, Davies JAV, Davis BD, Rivers FE, Enders J. William A. Hinton [Memorial Minute]. Harvard University Gazette Vol. LV. No. 39, July 16, 1960."},{"key":"1102_CR5","unstructured":"Merit not Race: Postcard from Canton, Massachusetts. Canton Historical Society, December 15, 2015. https:\/\/cantonhistory.blogspot.com\/2015\/. Accessed 6 Mar 2021."},{"key":"1102_CR6","first-page":"e01933","volume":"58","author":"E Munson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Munson E. Biographical feature: William A. Hinton, M.D. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58:e01933\u201320.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1102_CR7","first-page":"453","volume":"247","author":"W Worthy","year":"1952","unstructured":"Worthy W. An appreciation of Dr. Hinton [correspondence]. N Engl J Med. 1952;247:453.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1102_CR8","unstructured":"Curriculum Vitae, William Augustus Hinton, located in \u201cWilliam A. Hinton,\u201d Biofile Collection, Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine."},{"key":"1102_CR9","volume-title":"Preventive medicine and hygiene","author":"MJ Rosenau","year":"1916","unstructured":"Rosenau MJ. Preventive medicine and hygiene. 2nd ed. D. Appleton and Company: New York, NY; 1916.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1102_CR10","volume-title":"Neurosyphilis: modern systematic diagnosis and treatment presented in one hundred and thirty-seven case histories","author":"EE Southard","year":"1917","unstructured":"Southard EE, Solomon HC. Neurosyphilis: modern systematic diagnosis and treatment presented in one hundred and thirty-seven case histories. Boston: W.M. Leonard; 1917."},{"key":"1102_CR11","unstructured":"Haydon RC. Hinton, William Augustus, 1883\u20131959: African American physician and clinical pathologist. In Appiah KA, Gates HL, Jr., eds. Africana: the encyclopedia of the African and African American experience, volume 3. New York: Oxford University Press, 215-216."},{"key":"1102_CR12","first-page":"38","volume":"63","author":"PR Black","year":"1989","unstructured":"Black PR. Two Black alumni overcoming racial barriers. Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin. Summer 1989;63:38\u201342.","journal-title":"Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin"},{"issue":"12","key":"1102_CR13","first-page":"374","volume":"5","author":"WA Hinton","year":"1918","unstructured":"Hinton WA. Standardized Wassermann technique: state approved Wasserman laboratories. Commonhealth. 1918;5(12):374\u201381.","journal-title":"Commonhealth"},{"key":"1102_CR14","first-page":"993","volume":"196","author":"WA Hinton","year":"1927","unstructured":"Hinton WA. A Glycerol-cholesterol precipitation reaction in syphilis. N Engl J Med. 1927;196:993\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1102_CR15","first-page":"621","volume":"14","author":"WA Hinton","year":"1929","unstructured":"Hinton WA, Stuart GO. The Hinton glycerol cholesterol agglutination reaction: modifications in technic (second communication). J Lab Clin Med. 1929;14:621\u20134.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"1102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193005292022207","volume":"202","author":"WA Hinton","year":"1930","unstructured":"Hinton WA, Berk A. The Hinton glycerol cholesterol reaction for syphilis: second modification. N Engl J Med. 1930;202:1054\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1102_CR17","first-page":"198","volume":"18","author":"WA Hinton","year":"1932","unstructured":"Hinton WA. Hinton test for syphilis: third modification. J Lab Clin Med. 1932;18:198\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"1102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1935.92760230004010","volume":"104","author":"HS Cumming","year":"1935","unstructured":"Cumming HS, Hazen HH, Sanford AH, Senear FE, Simpson WM, Vonderlehr RA. The evaluation of serodiagnostic tests for syphilis in the United States: report of results. JAMA. 1935;104:2083\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1102_CR19","unstructured":"Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Congress. Third session on S.3290. Investigation and Control of Venereal Diseases. February 14, 1938."},{"key":"1102_CR20","volume-title":"Syphilis and its treatment","author":"WA Hinton","year":"1936","unstructured":"Hinton WA. Syphilis and its treatment. Macmillan: New York; 1936."},{"key":"1102_CR21","unstructured":"Announcement of the Medical School of Harvard University for 1922-1923 (course catalogue), located in Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine."},{"key":"1102_CR22","unstructured":"Announcement of the Medical School of Harvard University for 1923-1924 (Course Catalogue), located in Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine."},{"key":"1102_CR23","unstructured":"Announcement of the Medical School of Harvard University for 1924-1925 (Course Catalogue), located in Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine."},{"key":"1102_CR24","unstructured":"Announcement of the Medical School of Harvard University for 1929-1930 (Course Catalogue), located in Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine."},{"key":"1102_CR25","unstructured":"\u201cNo Color Line.\u201d Boston Sunday Herald, July 3, 1949. Located in \u201cWilliam A. Hinton,\u201d Biofile Collection, Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine."},{"key":"1102_CR26","unstructured":"State Lab Dedicated to Dr. William Hinton. Baystate Banner, Volume 43, Number 38, May 1, 2008. http:\/\/www.baystate-banner.com\/issues\/2008\/05\/01\/news\/health05010823.htm#:~:text=Hinton%2C%20the%20first%20African%20American,William%20A. Accessed 6 Mar 2021."},{"key":"1102_CR27","unstructured":"Buckley MRF. Portrait of a pioneer. News and research, Harvard Medical School. https:\/\/hms.harvard.edu\/news\/portrait-pioneer. Accessed 6 Mar 2021."},{"key":"1102_CR28","unstructured":"Buckley MRF. Winds of change. News and research, Harvard Medical School. https:\/\/hms.harvard.edu\/news\/winds-change. Accessed 6 Mar 2021."},{"key":"1102_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamble VN. \u201cThere wasn\u2019t a lot of comforts in those days\u201d: African Americans, public health, and the 1918 influenza epidemic. Public Health Rep 2010; 125 (suppl. 3): 113-122.","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S314"},{"key":"1102_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1910.92550370001001c","volume":"54","author":"TW Murrell","year":"1910","unstructured":"Murrell TW. Syphilis in the American Negro: a medico-sociologic study. JAMA. 1910;54:846\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1102_CR31","volume-title":"Examining Tuskegee: the infamous syphilis study and its legacy","author":"SM Reverby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reverby SM. Examining Tuskegee: the infamous syphilis study and its legacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 2009."},{"key":"1102_CR32","volume-title":"The biology of the Negro","author":"JH Lewis","year":"1942","unstructured":"Lewis JH. The biology of the Negro. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1942."},{"key":"1102_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1086\/678168","volume":"105","author":"C Crenner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crenner C. Race and laboratory norms: the critical insights of Julian Herman Lewis (1891-1989). Isis. 2014;105:477\u2013507.","journal-title":"Isis"},{"key":"1102_CR34","unstructured":"Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868\u20131963. Letter from W.E.B. Du Bois to Louis Wright, January 19, 1932. W.E.B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. Digital Permalink = http:credo.library.umass.edu.view.full\/mums312-b193-i267."},{"key":"1102_CR35","unstructured":"Rivers, Francis E. Letter from Francis E. Rivers to W.E.B. Du Bois, February 5, 1932. W.E.B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. Digital Permalink = http:credo.library.umass.edu.view.full\/mums312-b063-i448."},{"key":"1102_CR36","unstructured":"Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963. Memorandum from W.E.B. Du Bois to N.A.A.C.P. Spingarn Medal Award Committee, February 24, 1932. W.E.B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. Digital Permalink = http:credo.library.umass.edu.view.full\/mums312-b063-i103."},{"key":"1102_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Race brought rejection of Hinton syphilis test. Ebony, October 1955; 66-68.","DOI":"10.2307\/3935591"},{"key":"1102_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9993-9","volume":"92","author":"D Charles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Charles D, Himmelstein K, Keenan W. Barcelo N, for the White Coats for Black Lives National Working Group, \u201cWhite coats for Black lives: medical students responding to racism and police brutality,\u201d. J Urban Health. 2015;92:1007\u201310.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"1102_CR39","unstructured":"Drew LW. Inside H.M.A.B. Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin, Winter 1984; 58:2."},{"key":"1102_CR40","volume-title":"Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician and Man of Letters","author":"SH Podolsky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Podolsky SH, Bryan CB. Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician and Man of Letters. Sagamore Beach: Science History Publications; 2009."},{"key":"1102_CR41","unstructured":"Renaming Holmes Society at HMS\/HSDM. https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLSeGz-HFs9NGE1vQxGSuAbaJQh_LRap8jzkvNadrtL1PtrMX-A\/viewform. Accessed 6 Mar 2021."},{"key":"1102_CR42","unstructured":"Dean George Q. Daley to Members of the HMS and HSDM community, September 23, 2020, http:\/\/links.mkt3779.com\/servlet\/MailView?ms=MjM4Mzk1ODIS1&r=MjY5MzYyOTcyNTM2S0&j=MTgyMTQwMjk5NQS2&mt=1&rt=0. Accessed 6 Mar 2021."},{"key":"1102_CR43","unstructured":"Leon Eisenberg (Chairman, Commission on Relations with the Black Community) to Robert H. Ebert, 4\/1\/69, as introduction to \u201cPreliminary Report of the Commission on Relations with the Black Community,\u201d submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, April 11, 1969, Box 2, file folder 2, Leon Eisenberg Papers, H MS c196, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine."},{"key":"1102_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMpv2022100","volume":"383","author":"A Forrester","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forrester A. Why I stay\u2014the other side of underrepresentation in academia. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:e24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMpv2022100.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1102_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2027850","volume":"383","author":"AV Owoseni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Owoseni AV. From portraits to role models\u2014why we need Black physicians in academic medicine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2204\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1102_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2023999","volume":"383","author":"J Ellis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellis J, Otugo O, Landry A, Landry A. Interviewed while Black. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2401\u20134.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1102_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2100179","volume":"384","author":"T Williamson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williamson T, Goodwin CR, Ubel PA. Minority tax reform\u2014avoiding overtaxing minorities when we need them most. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1877\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01102-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01102-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01102-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T08:43:05Z","timestamp":1744188185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01102-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01102-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}