{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:33:19Z","timestamp":1793971999601,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01119-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T19:05:44Z","timestamp":1629140744000},"page":"1828-1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Health Service Access Among Homeless Veterans: Health Access Challenges Faced by Homeless African American Veterans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baylee","family":"Crone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Metraux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Sbrocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1119_CR1","unstructured":"Henry M, Mahathey A, Morrill T, et al. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress: part one. Washington, DC: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development\u2019s Office of Community Development and Planning. 2018"},{"key":"1119_CR2","unstructured":"Henry M, Bishop K, de Sousa T, et al. The 2017 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress: part two. Washington, DC: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development\u2019s Office of Community Development and Planning. 2018"},{"key":"1119_CR3","unstructured":"Henry M, Watt R, Mahathey A, et al. The 2019 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress: part one. Washington, DC: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development\u2019s Office of Community Development and Planning. 2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018479","volume":"7","author":"AJ Gordon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gordon AJ, Haas GL, Luther JF, Hilton MT, Goldstein G. Personal, medical, and healthcare utilization among homeless veterans served by metropolitan and nonmetropolitan veteran facilities. Psychol Serv. 2010;7(2):65\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018479.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0527","volume":"10","author":"NP Wray","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wray NP, Weiss TW, Christian CE, Menke T, Ashton CM, Hollingsworth JC. The health status of veterans using mobile clinics in rural areas. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1999;10(3):338\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2010.0527.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"1119_CR6","first-page":"E45","volume":"9","author":"J Fargo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fargo J, Metraux S, Byrne T, et al. Prevalence and risk of homelessness among US veterans. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E45.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.3.421","volume":"151","author":"R Rosenheck","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rosenheck R, Fontana A. A model of homelessness among male veterans of the Vietnam War generation. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(3):421\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.151.3.421.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000083","volume":"14","author":"J Tsai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsai J, Hoff RA, Harpaz-Rotem I. One-year incidence and predictors of homelessness among 300,000 U.S. veterans seen in specialty mental health care. Psychol Serv. 2017;14(2):203\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000083.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"5","key":"1119_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2011.00166.x","volume":"20","author":"EL Edens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edens EL, Kasprow W, Tsai J, Rosenheck RA. Association of substance use and VA service-connected disability benefits with risk of homelessness among veterans. Am J Addict. 2011;20(5):412\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2011.00166.x.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.89.4.529","volume":"89","author":"SM Barrow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barrow SM, Herman DB, C\u00f3rdova P, Struening EL. Mortality among homeless shelter residents in New York City. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(4):529\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.89.4.529.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1119_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199408043310506","volume":"331","author":"JR Hibbs","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hibbs JR, Benner L, Klugman L, Spencer R, Macchia I, Mellinger AK, et al. Mortality in a cohort of homeless adults in Philadelphia. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(5):304\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199408043310506.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500095","volume":"67","author":"JA Schinka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schinka JA, Bossarte RM, Curtiss G, Lapcevic WA, Casey RJ. Increased mortality among older veterans admitted to VA homelessness programs. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(4):465\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201500095.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"11","key":"1119_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01114.x","volume":"8","author":"J D'Amore","year":"2001","unstructured":"D'Amore J, Hung O, Chiang W, Goldfrank L. The epidemiology of the homeless population and its impact on an urban emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8(11):1051\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01114.x.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-018-0648-7","volume":"46","author":"T Harris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harris T, Winetrobe H, Rhoades H, Castro CA, Wenzel S. Moving beyond housing: service implications for veterans entering permanent supportive housing. Clin Soc Work J. 2018;46(2):130\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10615-018-0648-7.","journal-title":"Clin Soc Work J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp160","volume":"38","author":"DS Morrison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morrison DS. Homelessness as an independent risk factor for mortality: results from a retrospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(3):877\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyp160.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1119_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S374","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301632","volume":"103","author":"TP O'Toole","year":"2013","unstructured":"O'Toole TP, Bourgault C, Johnson EE, et al. New to care: demands on a health system when homeless veterans are enrolled in a medical home model. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(Suppl 2):S374\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301632.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR17","first-page":"13","volume":"5","author":"C Eibner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eibner C, Krull H, Brown KM, et al. Current and projected characteristics and unique health care needs of the patient population served by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Rand Health Q. 2016;5(4):13 Published 2016 May 9.","journal-title":"Rand Health Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-24-1-91","volume":"24","author":"TP O'Toole","year":"1999","unstructured":"O'Toole TP, Gibbon JL, Hanusa BH, Fine MJ. Utilization of health care services among subgroups of urban homeless and housed poor. J Health Polit Policy Law. 1999;24(1):91\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/03616878-24-1-91.","journal-title":"J Health Polit Policy Law"},{"issue":"5","key":"1119_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000112","volume":"52","author":"S Gabrielian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gabrielian S, Yuan AH, Andersen RM, Rubenstein LV, Gelberg L. VA health service utilization for homeless and low-income veterans: a spotlight on the VA Supportive Housing (VASH) program in greater Los Angeles. Med Care. 2014;52(5):454\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000112.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918755709","volume":"133","author":"JA Schinka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schinka JA, Leventhal KC, Lapcevic WA, Casey R. Mortality and cause of death in younger homeless veterans. Public Health Rep. 2018;133(2):177\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354918755709.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400022","volume":"66","author":"LM Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown LM, Barnett SD, Frahm KA, Schinka JA, Schonfeld L, Casey RJ. Health risk factors and differences in outcomes between younger and older veterans using VA transitional housing. Psychiatr Serv. 2015;66(1):33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201400022.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"1119_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai J. Introduction and history of veteran homelessness In: Tsai J, ed. Homelessness among US veterans: critical perspectives, 2019.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190695132.001.0001"},{"issue":"7","key":"1119_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.180109","volume":"100","author":"TP Baggett","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baggett TP, O'Connell JJ, Singer DE, Rigotti NA. The unmet health care needs of homeless adults: a national study. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(7):1326\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.180109.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1119_CR24","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Monitoring Access to Personal Health Care Services. Access to health care in America. Millman M, ed. Washington, DC, National Academies Press, 1993"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/1527154410393741","volume":"11","author":"P Karikari-Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karikari-Martin P. Use of healthcare access models to inform the patient protection and affordable care act. Policy, politics & nursing practice. 2010;11(4):286\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1527154410393741.","journal-title":"Policy, politics & nursing practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"1119_CR26","first-page":"1273","volume":"34","author":"L Gelberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Andersen RM, Leake BD. The behavioral model for vulnerable populations: application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people. Health Serv Res. 2000;34(6):1273\u2013302.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5034\/inquiryjrnl_41.1.39","volume":"41","author":"ER Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown ER, Davidson PL, Yu H, Wyn R, Andersen RM, Becerra L, et al. Effects of community factors on access to ambulatory care for lower-income adults in large urban communities. Inquiry. 2004;41(1):39\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5034\/inquiryjrnl_41.1.39.","journal-title":"Inquiry."},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2008.00521.x","volume":"86","author":"RK King","year":"2008","unstructured":"King RK, Green AR, Tan-McGrory A, Donahue EJ, Kimbrough-Sugick J, Betancourt JR. A plan for action: key perspectives from the racial\/ethnic disparities strategy forum. Milbank Q. 2008;86(2):241\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2008.00521.x.","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"1119_CR29","unstructured":"Andersen R. A behavioral model of families\u2019 use of health services. Center for Health Administration Studies Research Series. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 1968"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2007.08.005","volume":"18","author":"EL Austin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Austin EL, Andersen R, Gelberg L. Ethnic differences in the correlates of mental distress among homeless women. Womens Health Issues. 2008;18(1):26\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2007.08.005.","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v40n02_06","volume":"40","author":"L Gelberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Browner CH, Lejano E, Arangua L. Access to women's health care: a qualitative study of barriers perceived by homeless women. Women Health. 2004;40(2):87\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J013v40n02_06.","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.87.2.217","volume":"87","author":"L Gelberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gelberg L, Gallagher TC, Andersen RM, Koegel P. Competing priorities as a barrier to medical care among homeless adults in Los Angeles. Am J Public Health. 1997;87(2):217\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.87.2.217.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.00278.x","volume":"21","author":"MB Kushel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kushel MB, Gupta R, Gee L, Haas JS. Housing instability and food insecurity as barriers to health care among low-income Americans. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(1):71\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.00278.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1119_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105307080612","volume":"12","author":"JA Stein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stein JA, Andersen R, Gelberg L. Applying the Gelberg-Andersen behavioral model for vulnerable populations to health services utilization in homeless women. J Health Psychol. 2007;12(5):791\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105307080612.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198102000-00001","volume":"19","author":"R Penchansky","year":"1981","unstructured":"Penchansky R, Thomas JW. The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981;19(2):127\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-198102000-00001.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"1119_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0675","volume":"11","author":"J Stein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stein J, Andersen R, Koegel P, Gelberg L. Predicting health services utilization among homeless adults: a prospective analysis. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2000;11:212\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2010.0675.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"1119_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-18","volume":"12","author":"JF Levesque","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levesque JF, Harris MF, Russell G. Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12:18. Published 2013 Mar 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-9276-12-18.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1119_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2005.06.007","volume":"53","author":"TC Ricketts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ricketts TC, Goldsmith LJ. Access in health services research: the battle of the frameworks. Nurs Outlook. 2005;53(6):274\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.outlook.2005.06.007.","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"issue":"6","key":"1119_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198406000-00006","volume":"22","author":"JW Thomas","year":"1984","unstructured":"Thomas JW, Penchansky R. Relating satisfaction with access to utilization of services. Med Care. 1984;22(6):553\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-198406000-00006.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"1119_CR40","unstructured":"Penchansky R. The concept of access, a definition. Hyattsville, MD: Bureau of Health Planning Resources Development, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1997."},{"key":"1119_CR41","unstructured":"Congressional Research Service (2016a). Health care for veterans: answers to frequently asked questions (CRS R42747). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R42747."},{"key":"1119_CR42","unstructured":"Congressional Research Service (2018). The Veterans Choice Program (VCP): program implementation (CRS R44562). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R44562."},{"key":"1119_CR43","unstructured":"Congressional Research Service (2016b). Telehealth and telemedicine: description and issues (CRS R44437). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R44437."},{"issue":"11","key":"1119_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.21209.x","volume":"18","author":"TP O'Toole","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Toole TP, Conde-Martel A, Gibbon JL, Hanusa BH, Fine MJ. Health care of homeless veterans. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(11):929\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2003.21209.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000044907.31129.0A","volume":"41","author":"MM Desai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Desai MM, Rosenheck RA, Kasprow WJ. Determinants of receipt of ambulatory medical care in a national sample of mentally ill homeless veterans. Med Care. 2003;41(2):275\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.MLR.0000044907.31129.0A.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00396.x","volume":"21","author":"K Armstrong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Armstrong K, Rose A, Peters N, Long JA, McMurphy S, Shea JA. Distrust of the health care system and self-reported health in the United States. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(4):292\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00396.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3346-9","volume":"18","author":"AM Cheney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheney AM, Koenig CJ, Miller CJ, et al. Veteran-centered barriers to VA mental healthcare services use. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):591. Published 2018 Jul 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3346-9.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00364-y","volume":"41","author":"DK Padgett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Padgett DK, Struening EL, Andrews H, Pittman J. Predictors of emergency room use by homeless adults in New York City: the influence of predisposing, enabling and need factors. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41(4):547\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00364-y.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1119_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.06.001","volume":"128","author":"J Feigal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feigal J, Park B, Bramante C, Nordgaard C, Menk J, Song J. Homelessness and discharge delays from an urban safety net hospital. Public Health. 2014;128(11):1033\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.06.001.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"1119_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199511000-00006","volume":"33","author":"SL Wenzel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wenzel SL, Bakhtiar L, Caskey NH, et al. Homeless veterans' utilization of medical, psychiatric, and substance abuse services. Med Care. 1995;33(11):1132\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-199511000-00006.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.60.4.445","volume":"60","author":"TP Gilmer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilmer TP, Manning WG, Ettner SL. A cost analysis of San Diego County's REACH program for homeless persons. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(4):445\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.60.4.445.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"1119_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2016.11.014","volume":"61","author":"AE Montgomery","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montgomery AE, Cusack M, Szymkowiak D, Fargo J, O'Toole T. Factors contributing to eviction from permanent supportive housing: lessons from HUD-VASH. Eval Program Plann. 2017;61:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2016.11.014.","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"1119_CR53","unstructured":"Congressional Research Service (2016c). Who is a \u201cveteran\u201d?\u2014basic eligibility for veterans\u2019 benefits (CRS R42324). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R42324."},{"issue":"11","key":"1119_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/165.11.803","volume":"165","author":"G Gamache","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gamache G, Rosenheck R, Tessler R. Military discharge status of homeless veterans with mental illness. Mil Med. 2000;165(11):803\u20138.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"1119_CR55","unstructured":"Government Accountability Office. (2000). Homelessness: barriers to using mainstream programs. (GAO Publication No. 00-184). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office."},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-005-5001-2","volume":"41","author":"EM Weissman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weissman EM, Covell NH, Kushner M, Irwin J, Essock SM. Implementing peer-assisted case management to help homeless veterans with mental illness transition to independent housing. Community Ment Health J. 2005;41(3):267\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-005-5001-2.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"8","key":"1119_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2014.930371","volume":"53","author":"M Cretzmeyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cretzmeyer M, Moeckli J, Liu WM. Barriers and facilitators to Veterans Administration collaboration with community providers: the Lodge Project for homeless veterans. Soc Work Health Care. 2014;53(8):698\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00981389.2014.930371.","journal-title":"Soc Work Health Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"1119_CR58","first-page":"18","volume":"34","author":"A Sur\u00eds","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sur\u00eds A, Holliday R, Hooshyar D, et al. Development and implementation of a homeless mobile medical\/mental veteran intervention. Fed Pract. 2017;34(9):18\u201325.","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"key":"1119_CR59","unstructured":"Blue-Howells J. Community Homelessness Assessment, Local Education and Networking Groups (CHALENG). Washington, DC: The U.S Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Public Affairs and Media Relations. 2019"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"1119_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx110","volume":"183","author":"J Tsai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsai J, Rosenheck RA. Characteristics and health needs of veterans with other-than-honorable discharges: expanding eligibility in the Veterans Health Administration. Mil Med. 2018;183(5-6):e153\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usx110.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999509002705","volume":"21","author":"JC Fortney","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fortney JC, Booth BM, Blow FC, Bunn JY. The effects of travel barriers and age on the utilization of alcoholism treatment aftercare. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1995;21(3):391\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00952999509002705.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"1119_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.09.006","volume":"61","author":"MA Priester","year":"2016","unstructured":"Priester MA, Browne T, Iachini A, Clone S, DeHart D, Seay KD. Treatment access barriers and disparities among individuals with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders: an integrative literature review. J Subst Abus Treat. 2016;61:47\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.09.006.","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"1119_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9681-1","volume":"38","author":"ST Syed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Syed ST, Gerber BS, Sharp LK. Traveling towards disease: transportation barriers to health care access. J Community Health. 2013;38(5):976\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-013-9681-1.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"1119_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301490","volume":"103","author":"BF Henwood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Henwood BF, Cabassa LJ, Craig CM, Padgett DK. Permanent supportive housing: addressing homelessness and health disparities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S188\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301490.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000136","volume":"14","author":"S Metraux","year":"2017","unstructured":"Metraux S, Cusack M, Byrne TH, Hunt-Johnson N, True G. Pathways into homelessness among post-9\/11-era veterans. Psychol Serv. 2017;14(2):229\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000136.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-019-00473-x","volume":"56","author":"M Chinchilla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chinchilla M, Gabrielian S, Glasmeier A, Green MF. Exploring community integration among formerly homeless veterans in project-based versus tenant-based supportive housing. Community Ment Health J. 2020;56(2):303\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-019-00473-x.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1119_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.81.9.1163","volume":"81","author":"K Kinchen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kinchen K, Wright JD. Hypertension management in health care for the homeless clinics: results from a survey. Am J Public Health. 1991;81(9):1163\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.81.9.1163.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.2.200","volume":"285","author":"MB Kushel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kushel MB, Vittinghoff E, Haas JS. Factors associated with the health care utilization of homeless persons. JAMA. 2001;285(2):200\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.285.2.200.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"1119_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233339361879209","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393618792093","volume":"5","author":"J Weber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weber J, Lee RC, Martsolf D. Pursuing the mission: how homeless veterans manage chronic disease. Glob Qual Nurs Res. 2018;5:2333393618792093. Published 2018 Aug 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2333393618792093.","journal-title":"Glob Qual Nurs Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1119_CR70","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"A Gundlapalli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gundlapalli A, Nelson R, Haroldsen C, Carter ME, LaFleur J. Correlates of initiation of treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection in United States Veterans, 2004\u20132009. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):1\u201316.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1119_CR71","unstructured":"VHA Homeless Program Office (2013). GPD medication storage FAQs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office."},{"issue":"480","key":"1119_CR72","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"T Zucchero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zucchero T, McDannold S, McInnes DK. \u2018Walking in a maze\u2019: community providers\u2019 difficulties coordinating health care for homeless patients. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(480):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-013-9366-7","volume":"41","author":"J Zur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zur J, Mojtabai R, Li S. The cost savings of expanding Medicaid eligibility to include currently uninsured homeless adults with substance use disorders. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2014;41(2):110\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-013-9366-7.","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216317717101","volume":"32","author":"C Shulman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shulman C, Hudson BF, Low J, Hewett N, Daley J, Kennedy P, et al. End-of-life care for homeless people: a qualitative analysis exploring the challenges to access and provision of palliative care. Palliat Med. 2018;32(1):36\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269216317717101.","journal-title":"Palliat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1119_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0183-7","volume":"22","author":"CK Wen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wen CK, Hudak PL, Hwang SW. Homeless people's perceptions of welcomeness and unwelcomeness in healthcare encounters. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(7):1011\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-007-0183-7.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000116","volume":"14","author":"AL Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones AL, Hausmann LRM, Haas GL, Mor MK, Cashy JP, Schaefer JH, et al. A national evaluation of homeless and nonhomeless veterans' experiences with primary care. Psychol Serv. 2017;14(2):174\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000116.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2015.0077","volume":"26","author":"TP O'Toole","year":"2015","unstructured":"O'Toole TP, Johnson EE, Redihan S, Borgia M, Rose J. Needing primary care but not getting it: the role of trust, stigma and organizational obstacles reported by homeless veterans. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2015;26(3):1019\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2015.0077.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/1533256X.2012.647584","volume":"12","author":"AB Hamilton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamilton AB, Poza I, Hines V, Washington DL. Barriers to psychosocial services among homeless women veterans. J Soc Work Pract Addict. 2012;12(1):52\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1533256X.2012.647584.","journal-title":"J Soc Work Pract Addict"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/2150131917699751","volume":"8","author":"S Gabrielian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gabrielian S, Chen JC, Minhaj BP, Manchanda R, Altman L, Koosis E, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of a colocated homeless-tailored primary care clinic and emergency department. J Prim Care Community Health. 2017;8(4):338\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150131917699751.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"1119_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013272091028","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720910289","volume":"11","author":"C Gilmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gilmer C, Buccieri K. Homeless patients associate clinician bias with suboptimal care for mental illness, addictions, and chronic pain. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020;11:2150132720910289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150132720910289.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1119_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12675","volume":"71","author":"BE Rae","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rae BE, Rees S. The perceptions of homeless people regarding their healthcare needs and experiences of receiving health care. J Adv Nurs. 2015;71(9):2096\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.12675.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.20899\/jpna.3.2.223-234","volume":"3","author":"LM Semeah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Semeah LM, Campbell CL, Cowper DC, Peet AC. Serving our homeless veterans: patient perpetrated violence as a barrier to health care access. J Public and Nonprofit Affairs. 2017;3(2):223\u201334.","journal-title":"J Public and Nonprofit Affairs"},{"issue":"5","key":"1119_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2014.06.003","volume":"24","author":"KM Doran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doran KM, Shumway M, Hoff RA, Blackstock OJ, Dilworth SE, Riley ED. Correlates of hospital use in homeless and unstably housed women: the role of physical health and pain. Womens Health Issues. 2014;24(5):535\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2014.06.003.","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"issue":"5","key":"1119_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.76.5.519","volume":"76","author":"PJ Fischer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fischer PJ, Shapiro S, Breakey WR, Anthony JC, Kramer M. Mental health and social characteristics of the homeless: a survey of mission users. Am J Public Health. 1986;76(5):519\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.76.5.519.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1119_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1161","volume":"36","author":"JO Hill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hill JO, Galloway JM, Goley A, Marrero DG, Minners R, Montgomery B, et al. Scientific statement: socioecological determinants of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2430\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-1161.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"1119_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22407","volume":"73","author":"L Resnik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Resnik L, Ekerholm S, Johnson EE, Ellison ML, O'Toole TP. Which homeless veterans benefit from a peer mentor and how? J Clin Psychol. 2017;73(9):1027\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.22407.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201600134","volume":"68","author":"PW Corrigan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corrigan PW, Kraus DJ, Pickett SA, Schmidt A, Stellon E, Hantke E, et al. Using peer navigators to address the integrated health care needs of homeless African Americans with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2017;68(3):264\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201600134.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2015.0018","volume":"26","author":"P Corrigan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corrigan P, Pickett S, Kraus D, Burks R, Schmidt A. Community-based participatory research examining the health care needs of African Americans who are homeless with mental illness. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2015;26(1):119\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2015.0018.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000231","volume":"16","author":"EE Van Voorhees","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Voorhees EE, Resnik L, Johnson E, O'Toole T. Posttraumatic stress disorder and interpersonal process in homeless veterans participating in a peer mentoring intervention: associations with program benefit. Psychol Serv. 2019;16(3):463\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000231.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2013.0089","volume":"24","author":"VA Molinari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Molinari VA, Brown LM, Frahm KA, Schinka JA, Casey R. Perceptions of homelessness in older homeless veterans, VA homeless program staff liaisons, and housing intervention providers. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2013;24(2):487\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2013.0089.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21554","volume":"41","author":"AE Montgomery","year":"2013","unstructured":"Montgomery AE, Hill L, Kane V, Culhane D. Housing chronically homeless veterans: evaluating the efficacy of a housing first approach to HUD-VASH. J Community Psych. 2013;41(4):505\u201314.","journal-title":"J Community Psych"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-016-0065-6","volume":"93","author":"D Jaworsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaworsky D, Gadermann A, Duhoux A, Naismith TE, Norena M, To MJ, et al. Residential stability reduces unmet health care needs and emergency department utilization among a cohort of homeless and vulnerably housed persons in Canada. J Urban Health. 2016;93(4):666\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-016-0065-6.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"1119_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S368","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301064","volume":"103","author":"E Nunez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nunez E, Gibson G, Jones JA, Schinka JA. Evaluating the impact of dental care on housing intervention program outcomes among homeless veterans. Am J Public Health. 2013;103 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S368\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301064.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2002.9521437","volume":"13","author":"DP Culhane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Culhane DP, Metraux S, Hadley T. Public service reductions associated with placement of homeless persons with severe mental illness in supportive housing. Hous Policy Debate. 2002;13(1):107\u201363.","journal-title":"Hous Policy Debate"},{"key":"1119_CR95","unstructured":"Fischer W. Research shows housing vouchers reduce hardship and provide platform for long-term gains among children. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 2015"},{"key":"1119_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S239","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301322","volume":"103","author":"J Tsai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsai J, Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA. Latent homeless risk profiles of a national sample of homeless veterans and their relation to program referral and admission patterns. Am J Public Health. 2013;103 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S239\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301322.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000124","volume":"14","author":"EE Johnson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johnson EE, Borgia M, Rose J, O'Toole TP. No wrong door: can clinical care facilitate veteran engagement in housing services? Psychol Serv. 2017;14(2):167\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000124.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"12","key":"1119_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.179416","volume":"100","author":"TP O'Toole","year":"2010","unstructured":"O'Toole TP, Buckel L, Bourgault C, Blumen J, Redihan SG, Jiang L, et al. Applying the chronic care model to homeless veterans: effect of a population approach to primary care on utilization and clinical outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(12):2493\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.179416.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1119_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500248","volume":"67","author":"AE Montgomery","year":"2016","unstructured":"Montgomery AE, Cusack M, Blonigen DM, Gabrielian S, Marsh L, Fargo J. Factors associated with veterans' access to permanent supportive housing. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(8):870\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201500248.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2016.01.002","volume":"27","author":"SK Dobbins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dobbins SK, Cruz M, Shah S, Abt L, Moore J, Bamberger J. Nurses in supportive housing are associated with decreased health care utilization and improved HIV biomarkers in formerly homeless adults. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2016;27(4):444\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jana.2016.01.002.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"1119_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2012.0125","volume":"23","author":"M Chinman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chinman M, Hannah G, McCarthy S. Lessons learned from a quality improvement intervention with homeless veteran services. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2012;23(3 Suppl):210\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2012.0125.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0563-2","volume":"12","author":"MM Simmons","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simmons MM, Gabrielian S, Byrne T, et al. A hybrid III stepped wedge cluster randomized trial testing an implementation strategy to facilitate the use of an evidence-based practice in VA Homeless Primary Care Treatment Programs. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):46. Published 2017 Apr 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-017-0563-2.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2572-x","volume":"17","author":"MM Simmons","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simmons MM, Fincke BG, Drainoni ML, et al. A two-state comparative implementation of peer-support intervention to link veterans to health-related services after incarceration: a study protocol. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):647. Published 2017 Sep 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-017-2572-x.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1119_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030948","volume":"10","author":"DA Smelson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smelson DA, Kline A, Kuhn J, Rodrigues S, O'Connor K, Fisher W, et al. A wraparound treatment engagement intervention for homeless veterans with co-occurring disorders. Psychol Serv. 2013;10(2):161\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030948.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"1119_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3123-9","volume":"18","author":"DA Smelson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smelson DA, Chinman M, Hannah G, Byrne T, McCarthy S. An evidence-based co-occurring disorder intervention in VA homeless programs: outcomes from a hybrid III trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):332. Published 2018 May 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3123-9.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"44","key":"1119_CR106","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"TP O\u2019Toole","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole TP, Johnson EE, Aiello R, Kane V. Tailoring care to vulnerable populations by incorporating social determinants of health: the Veterans Health Administration\u2019s \u201cHomeless Patient Aligned Care Team\u201d program. Prev Chronic Dis. 2016;13(44):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1119_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2018.07.169","volume":"8","author":"JB Pauly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pauly JB, Moore TA, Shishko I. Integrating a mental health clinical pharmacy specialist into the Homeless Patient Aligned Care Teams. Ment Health Clin. 2018;8(4):169\u201374. Published 2018 Jun 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9740\/mhc.2018.07.169.","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"1119_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2013.0329","volume":"20","author":"DK McInnes","year":"2014","unstructured":"McInnes DK, Sawh L, Petrakis BA, et al. The potential for health-related uses of mobile phones and internet with homeless veterans: results from a multisite survey. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):801\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2013.0329.","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 1","key":"1119_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31827808f6","volume":"51","author":"S Gabrielian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gabrielian S, Yuan A, Andersen RM, McGuire J, Rubenstein L, Sapir N, et al. Chronic disease management for recently homeless veterans: a clinical practice improvement program to apply home telehealth technology to a vulnerable population. Med Care. 2013;51(3 Suppl 1):S44\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31827808f6.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"1119_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, M. & Wasow, O. (2016). Race as a bundle of sticks: designs that estimate effects of seemingly immutable characteristics Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 499\u2013522","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-032015-010015"},{"issue":"7","key":"1119_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0003","volume":"325","author":"JP Ioannidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ioannidis JP, Powe NR, Yancy C. Recalibrating the use of race in medical research. JAMA. 2021;325(7):623\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.0003.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"7","key":"1119_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3193-x","volume":"30","author":"TP O'Toole","year":"2015","unstructured":"O'Toole TP, Johnson EE, Borgia ML, Rose J. Tailoring outreach efforts to increase primary care use among homeless veterans: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(7):886\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-015-3193-x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1119_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2019.1629143","volume":"34","author":"M Cusack","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cusack M, Montgomery AE, Hunt-Johnson N, Dichter M, True G. Making connections: understanding how screening, triage, and referral processes can promote veteran housing stability. Soc Work Public Health. 2019;34(6):483\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19371918.2019.1629143.","journal-title":"Soc Work Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1119_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.036","volume":"68","author":"C Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee C. \"Race\" and \"ethnicity\" in biomedical research: how do scientists construct and explain differences in health? Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(6):1183\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.036.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1119_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.06.035","volume":"50","author":"AE Montgomery","year":"2016","unstructured":"Montgomery AE, Dichter ME, Thomasson AM, Roberts CB. Services receipt following veteran outpatients' positive screen for homelessness. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(3):336\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.06.035.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01119-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01119-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01119-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T10:05:10Z","timestamp":1744193110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01119-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01119-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not require IRB approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All authors provided consent for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Uniformed Services University, Department of Army, Navy, Air Force, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. The identification of specific products, scientific instrumentation, or organizations is considered an integral part of the scientific endeavor and does not constitute endorsement or implied endorsement on the part of the author, DoD, or any component agency. Additionally, the authors have no conflicts of interest to report.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}