{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:43:55Z","timestamp":1789476235809,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-02025-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T11:02:01Z","timestamp":1715684521000},"page":"1967-1979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Income Inequality, Gender Disparities, and Ethnic Differences: Investigating Allostatic Load in American Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Zare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle R.","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shervin","family":"Assari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene Buenavista","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjo A.","family":"Delarmente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Roland J.","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674984769","volume-title":"World inequality report 2018","author":"F Alvaredo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alvaredo F, Chancel L, Piketty T, Saez E, Zucman G. World inequality report 2018. Harvard University Press; 2018."},{"key":"2025_CR2","volume-title":"The Opportunity Atlas: mapping the childhood roots of social mobility","author":"MR Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones MR, Porter SR: The Opportunity Atlas: mapping the childhood roots of social mobility. 2018."},{"key":"2025_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20955\/r.2017.59-76","volume-title":"The political economy of education, financial literacy, and the racial wealth gap","author":"D Hamilton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamilton D, Darity WA: The political economy of education, financial literacy, and the racial wealth gap. 2017."},{"key":"2025_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121546","volume":"14","author":"JA Casey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casey JA, James P, Cushing L, Jesdale BM, Morello-Frosch R. Race, ethnicity, income concentration and 10-year change in urban greenness in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:1546.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"2025_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-019-00773-7","volume":"56","author":"R Akee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akee R, Jones MR, Porter SR. Race matters: Income shares, income inequality, and income mobility for all US races. Demography. 2019;56:999\u20131021.","journal-title":"Demography."},{"key":"2025_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12608","volume":"100","author":"DJ Salazar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salazar DJ, Clauson S, Abel TD, Clauson A. Race, income, and environmental inequality in the US States, 1990\u20132014. Soc Sci Q. 2019;100:592\u2013603.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q."},{"key":"2025_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123416000326","volume":"48","author":"K-S Trump","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trump K-S. Income inequality influences perceptions of legitimate income differences. Br J Polit Sci. 2018;48:929\u201352.","journal-title":"Br J Polit Sci."},{"key":"2025_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137079","volume":"18","author":"H Zare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zare H, Gaskin DD, Thorpe RJ. Income inequality and obesity among US adults 1999\u20132016: does sex matter? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:7079.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"2025_CR9","first-page":"182","volume":"5","author":"R Manduca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manduca R. Income inequality and the persistence of racial economic disparities. Soc Sci. 2018;5:182\u2013205.","journal-title":"Soc Sci."},{"key":"2025_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weinstein JN, Geller A, NegussieY, Baciu A. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/24624.","DOI":"10.17226\/24624."},{"key":"2025_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112305","volume":"41","author":"JC Phelan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phelan JC, Link BG. Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health? Annu Rev Sociol. 2015;41:311\u201330.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol."},{"key":"2025_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/2332649215581665","volume":"1","author":"M Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas M, Moye R. Race, class, and gender and the impact of racial segregation on Black-White income inequality. Sociol Race Ethn. 2015;1:490\u2013502.","journal-title":"Sociol Race Ethn."},{"key":"2025_CR13","unstructured":"WHO. World Health Organizatio: A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health: debates, policy and practice. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health: debates, policy and practice 2010. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241500852"},{"key":"2025_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2170","volume":"20","author":"L Chyu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chyu L, Upchurch DM. Racial and ethnic patterns of allostatic load among adult women in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2011;20:575\u201383.","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)."},{"key":"2025_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00769-9","volume":"8","author":"DJ Gaskin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaskin DJ, Zare H, Jackson JW, Ibe C, Slocum J. Decomposing race and ethnic differences in CVD risk factors for mid-life women. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021;8:174\u201385.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities."},{"key":"2025_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063580","volume":"19","author":"CR Rogers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rogers CR, Moore JX, Gilmore DR, Petersen E, Brooks E, Kennedy C, Thorpe RJ Jr. Investigation of differences in allostatic load among Black men by level of educational attainment: high school graduates experience the highest levels of stress. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:3580.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155798832210922","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883221092290","volume":"16","author":"CD Tavares","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tavares CD, Bell CN, Zare H, Hudson D, Thorpe RJ Jr. Allostatic load, income, and race among Black and White men in the United States. Am J Mens Health. 2022;16:15579883221092290.","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"key":"2025_CR18","unstructured":"Census: Census, United States Census Bureau. How the Census Bureau Measures Poverty (Page Last Revised - June 15, 2023). Availbale at: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/topics\/income-poverty\/poverty\/guidance\/poverty-measures.html. 2023."},{"key":"2025_CR19","volume-title":"Handbook on poverty+ inequality","author":"J Haughton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haughton J, Khandker SR. Handbook on poverty+ inequality. World Bank Publications; 2009."},{"key":"2025_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1601600403","volume":"16","author":"B Jann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jann B. Estimating Lorenz and concentration curves. Stata J. 2016;16:837\u201366.","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"2025_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000251","volume":"35","author":"LM Tomfohr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomfohr LM, Pung MA, Dimsdale JE. Mediators of the relationship between race and allostatic load in African and White Americans. Health Psychol. 2016;35:322.","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"2025_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.15171\/hpr.2019.17","volume":"4","author":"S Assari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Assari S, Bazargan M. Minorities\u2019 diminished returns of educational attainment on hospitalization risk: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Hosp Pract Res. 2019;4:86.","journal-title":"Hosp Pract Res"},{"key":"2025_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.04.026","volume":"60","author":"MM Farmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Farmer MM, Ferraro KF. Are racial disparities in health conditional on socioeconomic status? Soc Sci Med. 2005;60:191\u2013204.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"2025_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315167428-26","volume-title":"Men\u2019s Health Equity: A Handbook","author":"D Hudson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hudson D, Banks A, Holland D, Sewell W. Fundamental links between racism, socioeconomic position, and social mobility. In: Men\u2019s Health Equity: A Handbook; 2019. p. 408."},{"key":"2025_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/1060826516641103","volume":"24","author":"DL Hudson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hudson DL, Eaton J, Lewis P, Grant P, Sewell W, Gilbert K. \u201cRacism?!?... Just look at our neighborhoods\u201d Views on racial discrimination and coping among African American men in Saint Louis. J Men\u2019s Stud. 2016;24:130\u201350.","journal-title":"J Men\u2019s Stud."},{"key":"2025_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000788","volume":"82","author":"ME Van Dyke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Dyke ME. Baumhofer NKi, Slopen N, Mujahid MS, Clark CR, Williams DR, Lewis TT: Pervasive discrimination and allostatic load in African American and White adults. Psychosom Med. 2020;82:316\u201323.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"2025_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00710-0","volume":"7","author":"J Cabral","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cabral J, Cuevas AG. Health inequities among latinos\/hispanics: documentation status as a determinant of health. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2020;7:874\u20139.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities."},{"key":"2025_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14188","volume":"1457","author":"AM Allen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allen AM, Wang Y, Chae DH, Price MM, Powell W, Steed TC, Rose Black A, Dhabhar FS, Marquez-Maga\u00f1a L, Woods-Giscombe CL. Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: exploring an integrative stress-coping model among African American women. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1457:104\u201327.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"2025_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100771","volume":"15","author":"LJ Richardson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richardson LJ, Goodwin AN, Hummer RA. Social status differences in allostatic load among young adults in the United States. SSM-Population Health. 2021;15:100771.","journal-title":"SSM-Population Health"},{"key":"2025_CR30","volume-title":"Allostatic load in children and adolescents: a systematic review","author":"MLJ Guidi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guidi MLJ: Allostatic load in children and adolescents: a systematic review. 2023."},{"key":"2025_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2021.0008","volume":"20","author":"P Memiah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Memiah P, Biadgilign S, Kuhlman J, Cook C, Mburia P, Kingori C, Sarpong D, Buluku G, Hawkins M. Allostatic load, single, and dual chronic conditions: evidence from the national health and nutrition examination survey. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2022;20:104\u201313.","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord."},{"key":"2025_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.02.003","volume":"63","author":"HW Parker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parker HW, Abreu AM, Sullivan MC, Vadiveloo MK. Allostatic load and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2022;63:131\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"2025_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2018.1542683","volume":"22","author":"FJ Mocayar Maron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mocayar Maron FJ, Ferder L, Sarav\u00ed FD, Manucha W. Hypertension linked to allostatic load: from psychosocial stress to inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Stress. 2019;22:169\u201381.","journal-title":"Stress."},{"key":"2025_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08430719","volume":"15","author":"J Lunyera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lunyera J, Stanifer JW, Davenport CA, Mohottige D, Bhavsar NA, Scialla JJ, Pendergast J, Boulware LE, Diamantidis CJ. Life course socioeconomic status, allostatic load, and kidney health in Black Americans. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15:341.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"2025_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2017.90","volume":"7","author":"S Assari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Assari S. Unequal gain of equal resources across racial groups. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;7:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"2025_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12042","volume":"12","author":"S Assari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assari S. Health disparities due to diminished return among Black Americans: public policy solutions. Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2018;12:112\u201345.","journal-title":"Soc Issues Policy Rev."},{"key":"2025_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.22158\/wjer.v7n2p78","volume":"7","author":"S Assari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assari S. Understanding America: unequal economic returns of years of schooling in Whites and Blacks. World J Educ Res. 2020;7:78\u201392.","journal-title":"World J Educ Res."},{"key":"2025_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari S. Suicide Attempts in Michigan HealthCare System; Racial Differences. Brain Sci 2018;8(7):124.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8070124"},{"key":"2025_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali B, Rockett I, Miller T: Variable Circumstances of Suicide Among Racial\/Ethnic Groups by Sex and Age: A National Violent-Death Reporting System Analysis. Arch Suicide Res 1. 2021:94\u2013106.","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2019.1661894"},{"key":"2025_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari S. Parental education on youth inhibitory control in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Blacks\u2019 diminished returns. Brain Sci. 2020;10(5):312.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050312"},{"key":"2025_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.22158\/rhs.v5n4p25","volume":"5","author":"S Assari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assari S. Race, ethnicity, family socioeconomic status, and children\u2019s hippocampus volume. Res Health Sci. 2020;5:25\u201345.","journal-title":"Res Health Sci."},{"key":"2025_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.22158\/rhs.v5n2p121","volume":"5","author":"S Assari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assari S. Racial variation in the association between childhood depression and frontal pole volume among American children. Res Health Sci. 2020;5:121\u201340.","journal-title":"Res Health Sci."},{"key":"2025_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.22158\/assc.v2n4p132","volume":"2","author":"S Assari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assari S. Parental education and nucleus accumbens response to reward anticipation: minorities\u2019 diminished returns. Adv Soc Sci Cult. 2020;2:132\u201353.","journal-title":"Adv Soc Sci Cult."},{"key":"2025_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.22158\/ct.v3n2p50","volume":"3","author":"S Assari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assari S, Akhlaghipour G. Not race or age but their interaction predicts pre-adolescents\u2019 inhibitory control. Child Teenagers. 2020;3:50\u201371.","journal-title":"Child Teenagers."},{"key":"2025_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/reprodmed1020008","volume":"1","author":"S Assari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Race, socioeconomic status, and sex hormones among male and female American adolescents. Reprod Med (Basel). 2020;1:108\u201321.","journal-title":"Reprod Med (Basel)"},{"key":"2025_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari S, Islam S. Diminished protective effects of household income on internalizing symptoms among African American than European American pre-adolescents. J Econ Trade Mark Manag.\u00a02020;2(4):38\u201356.","DOI":"10.22158\/jetmm.v2n4p38"},{"key":"2025_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Race, family conflict and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among 9-10-year-old American children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105399"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02025-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02025-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02025-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T02:12:02Z","timestamp":1747015922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02025-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02025-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent Statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}