{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T03:43:04Z","timestamp":1781235784957,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23MD015719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MD015719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3P30CA086862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P30CA086862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-02199-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1728388930000},"page":"4043-4052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experiences of Racism in Health Care and Medical Mistrust Shape Cancer Prevention and Control Behaviors Among Black Residents of Black Hawk County, Iowa: A Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ashley N. T.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"VanArsdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Hirschey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natoshia","family":"Askelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9038-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2199_CR1","unstructured":"University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. County health rankings & roadmaps 2023. 2023. Available from: www.countyhealthrankings.org.\u00a0Accessed 5 Oct 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"2199_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01394","volume":"41","author":"PA Braveman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Braveman PA, et al. Systemic and structural racism: definitions, examples, health damages, and approaches to dismantling: study examines definitions, examples, health damages, and dismantling systemic and structural racism. Health Aff. 2022;41(2):171\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"2199_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116576","volume":"343","author":"T Riley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Riley T, Schleimer JP, Jahn JL. Organized abandonment under racial capitalism: measuring accountable actors of structural racism for public health research and action. Soc Sci Med. 2024;343:116576.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2199_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7","volume":"116","author":"DR Williams","year":"2001","unstructured":"Williams DR, Collins C. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2001;116(5):404\u201316.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"10077","key":"2199_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","volume":"389","author":"ZD Bailey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bailey ZD, et al. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. The lancet. 2017;389(10077):1453\u201363.","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"key":"2199_CR6","unstructured":"American Cancer Society, American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures for African American\/Black People 2022\u20132024. Atlanta, GA. 2022."},{"key":"2199_CR7","unstructured":"U.S. Cancer Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancer statistics data visualizations tool, based on 2020 submission data (1999\u20132018). 2021. Available from: www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/dataviz. Accessed 5 Oct 2024."},{"key":"2199_CR8","volume-title":"Cancer in Iowa 2021","author":"Iowa Cancer Registry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iowa Cancer Registry. Cancer in Iowa 2021. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa, College of Public Health; 2021."},{"key":"2199_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218","volume":"32","author":"P Braveman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braveman P, Egerter S, Williams DR. The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annu Rev Public Health. 2011;32:381\u201398.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2199_CR10","unstructured":"Mapping inequality: redlining in new deal America. Available from: https:\/\/dsl.richmond.edu\/panorama\/redlining\/#loc=14\/42.499\/-92.364&city=waterloo-ia.\u00a0Accessed 5 Oct 2024."},{"key":"2199_CR11","unstructured":"Gordon C. Mapping segregation in Iowa: race restrictive covenants in Iowa counties. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/dsps.lib.uiowa.edu\/mappingsegregationia\/10-2\/. Accessed Oct 5 2024."},{"key":"2199_CR12","unstructured":"Samuel Stebbins EC. The worst cities for Black Americans. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/247wallst.com\/special-report\/2018\/11\/09\/the-worst-cities-for-black-americans-4\/.\u00a0Accessed 5 Oct 2024."},{"key":"2199_CR13","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. ACS 1-year estimates data profiles. ACS demographic and housing estimates. American Community Survey. 2022."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/ajes.12230","volume":"77","author":"R Yearby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yearby R. Racial disparities in health status and access to healthcare: the continuation of inequality in the United States due to structural racism. Am J Econ Sociol. 2018;77(3\u20134):1113\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Econ Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2199_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.5672","volume":"6","author":"NY Ko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ko NY, et al. Association of insurance status and racial disparities with the detection of early-stage breast cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(3):385\u201392.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2199_CR16","unstructured":"Israel BA, et al. editors. Methods for community-based participatory research for health. 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2013."},{"key":"2199_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Terry G, Hayfield N, Clarke V, Braun V. Thematic analysis. In: The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781526405555.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526405555"},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"2199_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383498","volume":"51","author":"JC Phelan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Phelan JC, Link BG, Tehranifar P. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications. J Health Soc Behav. 2010;51(1_suppl):S28\u201340.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2199_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.34293\/education.v8i4.3232","volume":"8","author":"AGD Holmes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holmes AGD. Researcher positionality\u2013a consideration of its influence and place in qualitative research\u2013a new researcher guide. Shanlax Int J Educ. 2020;8(4):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Shanlax Int J Educ"},{"key":"2199_CR20","unstructured":"Hostetter M, Klein S. Understanding and ameliorating medical mistrust among Black Americans. Commonwealth Fund. 2021;10."},{"issue":"2","key":"2199_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2019.1588220","volume":"45","author":"R Benkert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benkert R, et al. Ubiquitous yet unclear: a systematic review of medical mistrust. Behav Med. 2019;45(2):86\u2013101.","journal-title":"Behav Med"},{"key":"2199_CR22","unstructured":"Quick facts: Black Hawk County Iowa. Available from: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/blackhawkcountyiowa\/PST045222. Accessed 5 Oct 2024."},{"key":"2199_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2022.106676","volume":"114","author":"AT Langford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Langford AT, Orellana KT, Buderer N. Correlates of knowledge of clinical trials among US adults: findings from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey. Contemp Clin Trials. 2022;114:106676.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2199_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774515571917","volume":"12","author":"A Leiter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leiter A, et al. Clinical trial awareness: changes over time and sociodemographic disparities. Clin Trials. 2015;12(3):215\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"issue":"9","key":"2199_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2127792","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.27792","volume":"4","author":"CP Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams CP, et al. Demographic and health behavior factors associated with clinical trial invitation and participation in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(9):e2127792\u2013e2127792.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2199_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/svu001","volume":"38","author":"E Lightfoot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lightfoot E, McCleary JS, Lum T. Asset mapping as a research tool for community-based participatory research in social work. Soc Work Res. 2014;38(1):59\u201364.","journal-title":"Soc Work Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2199_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000167","volume":"73","author":"SE Collins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Collins SE, et al. Community-based participatory research (CBPR): towards equitable involvement of community in psychology research. Am Psychol. 2018;73(7):884.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2199_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101919","volume":"82","author":"JJW Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu JJW, et al. Comprehensive meta-analysis of resilience interventions. Clin Psychol Rev. 2020;82:101919.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2199_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025334","volume":"31","author":"L Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song L, Hamilton JB, Moore AD. Patient-healthcare provider communication: perspectives of African American cancer patients. Health Psychol. 2012;31(5):539.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2199_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White-Means SI, Osmani AR. Racial and ethnic disparities in patient-provider communication with breast cancer patients: evidence from 2011 MEPS and experiences with cancer supplement.\u00a0Inquiry. 2017;54:46958017727104.","DOI":"10.1177\/0046958017727104"},{"issue":"3","key":"2199_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730290088094","volume":"7","author":"AK Matthews","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matthews AK, et al. Factors influencing medical information seeking among African American cancer patients. J Health Commun. 2002;7(3):205\u201319.","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2199_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11013","volume":"97","author":"N Lythcott","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lythcott N, Green BL, Kramer Brown Z. The perspective of African-American breast cancer survivor-advocates. Cancer. 2003;97(S1):324\u20138.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"2199_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4222","volume":"25","author":"C Rivas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rivas C, et al. Ethnicity and the prostate cancer experience: a qualitative metasynthesis. Psychooncology. 2016;25(10):1147\u201356.","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2199_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/NCC.0000000000000144","volume":"38","author":"D Somayaji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Somayaji D, Cloyes KG. Cancer fear and fatalism: how African American participants construct the role of research subject in relation to clinical cancer research. Cancer Nurs. 2015;38(2):133\u201344.","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02199-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02199-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02199-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T15:49:51Z","timestamp":1763999391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02199-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02199-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"All study participants reviewed a study information sheet and gave verbal consent prior to interview. Verbal consent was deemed preferable to written consent for this study, due to the minimal risk associated with participation. A waiver of documentation of consent was approved by the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}