{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T04:37:08Z","timestamp":1768365428663,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disparities persist in adverse birth outcomes \u2014 preterm birth and small-for-gestational age (SGA) among racialized populations. Previous studies have indicated that voting restrictions are associated with health outcomes, such as access to health insurance and teenage birth rates. This paper examines whether the association between voting restrictions and adverse birth outcomes varies according to birthing individuals\u2019 race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These analyses merged individual-level 2019\u20132020 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS, 8th edition) data with state-level exposure information. The exposure, the Cost of Voting Index (COVI), is a 2020 state-level measure of voting restrictions, and the outcomes were preterm birth and SGA. Multilevel logistic regression, survey-weighted models adjusted for sociodemographic and geographically-based characteristics. Subanalyses examined if the association differed by race (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, API, Other).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the unadjusted model, a standard deviation increase in COVI was associated with increased odds of preterm birth (OR\u2009=\u20091.11, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.98, 1.25) and SGA (OR\u2009=\u20091.12, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.02, 1.22). The association for SGA was still significant in the fully adjusted models. Results differed by race\/ethnicity with the largest effects among API (OR\u2009=\u20091.20, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.95, 1.52) for preterm birth and OR\u2009=\u20091.27, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.01, 1.59) for SGA respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest structural voting barriers disproportionately increase the odds of adverse birth outcomes, especially for API-birthing individuals. Increasing voting restrictions may amplify existing birth inequities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-02253-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T13:34:48Z","timestamp":1733492088000},"page":"378-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Voting Restrictions and Increased Odds of Adverse Birth Outcomes in the US"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7148-356X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sze Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Grinshteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Pabayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2253_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0285621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285621","volume":"18","author":"LA Akum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akum LA, Offei EA, Kpordoxah MR, Yeboah D, Issah AN, Boah M. Compliance with the World Health Organization\u2019s 2016 prenatal care contact recommendation reduces the incidence rate of adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women in northern Ghana. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0285621.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2253_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2107","volume":"70","author":"BM D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio BM, Class QA, Rickert ME, Larsson H, L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N, Lichtenstein P. Preterm birth and mortality and morbidity: a population-based quasi-experimental study. JAMA Psychiat. 2013;70:1231\u201340.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2253_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0860","volume":"118","author":"WM Callaghan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Callaghan WM, MacDorman MF, Rasmussen SA, Qin C, Lackritz EM. The contribution of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1566\u201373.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2253_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2471","volume":"131","author":"C Lau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lau C, Ambalavanan N, Chakraborty H, Wingate MS, Carlo WA. Extremely low birth weight and infant mortality rates in the United States. Pediatrics. 2013;131:855\u201360.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2253_CR5","unstructured":"Martin J, Hamilton B, Osterman M, Driscoll A, Mathews T. Births: final data for 2015, Vital Stat. Rep;2017."},{"key":"2253_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-007-0295-z","volume":"12","author":"GR Alexander","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alexander GR, Wingate MS, Boulet S. Pregnancy outcomes of American Indians: contrasts among regions and with other ethnic groups. Matern Child Health J. 2008;12:5\u201311.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2253_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2551-9","volume":"22","author":"RA Danielson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Danielson RA, Wallenborn JT, Warne DK, Masho SW. Disparities in risk factors and birth outcomes among American Indians in North Dakota. Matern Child Health J. 2018;22:1519\u201325.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2253_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-018-0084-2","volume":"4","author":"AWG Ratnasiri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ratnasiri AWG, Parry SS, Arief VN, DeLacy IH, Halliday LA, DiLibero RJ, et al. Recent trends, risk factors, and disparities in low birth weight in California, 2005\u20132014: a retrospective study. Maternal Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2018;4:15.","journal-title":"Maternal Health Neonatol Perinatol"},{"key":"2253_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115527","volume":"315","author":"LN Borrell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borrell LN, Bol\u00famar F, Rodriguez-Alvarez E, Nieves CI. Adverse birth outcomes in New York City women: revisiting the Hispanic paradox. Soc Sci Med. 2022;315:115527.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2253_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaaf JM, Liem SM, Mol BWJ, Abu-Hanna A, Ravelli AC. Ethnic and racial disparities in the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 2012;433\u201350.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1326988"},{"key":"2253_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuck TA, editor. Racial and ethnic differences in preterm birth: a complex, multifactorial problem. Seminars in perinatology; 2017: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.08.010"},{"key":"2253_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04423.x","volume":"54","author":"JM Kerstjens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kerstjens JM, De Winter AF, Bocca-Tjeertes IF, Bos AF, Reijneveld SA. Risk of developmental delay increases exponentially as gestational age of preterm infants decreases: a cohort study at age 4 years. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:1096\u2013101.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2253_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1097","volume":"174","author":"C Sacchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacchi C, Marino C, Nosarti C, Vieno A, Visentin S, Simonelli A. Association of intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age status with childhood cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174:772\u201381.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2253_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1143","volume":"135","author":"TA Levine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Levine TA, Grunau RE, McAuliffe FM, Pinnamaneni R, Foran A, Alderdice FA. Early childhood neurodevelopment after intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2015;135:126\u201341.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2253_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.02.012","volume":"26","author":"LA Schieve","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schieve LA, Tian LH, Rankin K, Kogan MD, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Visser S, et al. Population impact of preterm birth and low birth weight on developmental disabilities in US children. Ann Epidemiol. 2016;26:267\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2253_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3864","volume":"28","author":"M Baguet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baguet M, Dumas C. How does birth weight affect health and human capital? A short-and long-term evaluation. Health Econ. 2019;28:597\u2013617.","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2253_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174421000404","volume":"13","author":"MJ Lambiris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lambiris MJ, Blakstad MM, Perumal N, Danaei G, Bliznashka L, Fink G, et al. Birth weight and adult earnings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2022;13:284\u201391.","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"2253_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0635-z","volume":"40","author":"AL Beam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beam AL, Fried I, Palmer N, Agniel D, Brat G, Fox K, et al. Estimates of healthcare spending for preterm and low-birthweight infants in a commercially insured population: 2008\u20132016. J Perinatol. 2020;40:1091\u20139.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2253_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.083","volume":"287","author":"X Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding X, Liang M, Wu Y, Zhao T, Qu G, Zhang J, et al. The impact of prenatal stressful life events on adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;287:406\u201316.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2253_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2015.04.001","volume":"36","author":"E-L Bussieres","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bussieres E-L, Tarabulsy GM, Pearson J, Tessier R, Forest J-C, Giguere Y. Maternal prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Dev Rev. 2015;36:179\u201399.","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"2253_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7686","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247686","volume":"12","author":"A Matsas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matsas A, Panopoulou P, Antoniou N, Bargiota A, Gryparis A, Vrachnis N, et al. Chronic stress in pregnancy is associated with low birth weight: a meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12:7686.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2253_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303242","volume":"106","author":"LN Borrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borrell LN, Rodriguez-Alvarez E, Savitz DA, Baquero MC. Parental race\/ethnicity and adverse birth outcomes in New York City: 2000\u20132010. Am J Public Health. 2016;106:1491\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2253_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0269158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269158","volume":"17","author":"Q Miao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miao Q, Guo Y, Erwin E, Sharif F, Berhe M, Wen SW, et al. Racial variations of adverse perinatal outcomes: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada. Plos One. 2022;17:e0269158.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"2253_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03485-8","volume":"21","author":"N Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng N, Erwin E, Wen W, Corsi DJ, Wen SW, Guo Y. Comparison of adverse perinatal outcomes between Asians and Caucasians: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2253_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.593","volume":"218","author":"KL Grantz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grantz KL, Hediger ML, Liu D, Louis GMB. Fetal growth standards: the NICHD fetal growth study approach in context with INTERGROWTH-21st and the World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218:S641-S55. e28.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2253_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684207","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.684207","volume":"3","author":"P Braveman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braveman P, Dominguez TP, Burke W, Dolan SM, Stevenson DK, Jackson FM, et al. Explaining the Black-White disparity in preterm birth: a consensus statement from a multi-disciplinary scientific work group convened by the March of Dimes. Front Reprod Health. 2021;3:684207.","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"2253_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12469","volume":"98","author":"JK Montez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montez JK, Beckfield J, Cooney JK, Grumbach JM, Hayward MD, Koytak HZ, et al. US state policies, politics, and life expectancy. Milbank Q. 2020;98:668\u201399.","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"2253_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182411","volume":"35","author":"M Avendano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Avendano M, Kawachi I. Why do Americans have shorter life expectancy and worse health than do people in other high-income countries? Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:307\u201325.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2253_CR29","first-page":"889","volume":"92","author":"JK Montez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montez JK. Policy polarization and death in the United States. Temple law review. 2020;92:889.","journal-title":"Temple law review"},{"key":"2253_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10999922.2020.1796196","volume":"23","author":"S Portillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Portillo S, Bearfield D, Riccucci NM. The disenfranchisement of voters of color: redux. Public Integr. 2021;23:111\u201328.","journal-title":"Public Integr"},{"key":"2253_CR31","first-page":"25","volume":"59","author":"BH Combs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Combs BH. Voter suppression and racial oppression. Phylon (1960-). 2022;59:25\u201348.","journal-title":"Phylon (1960-)"},{"key":"2253_CR32","unstructured":"Piven FF, Minnite LC, Groarke M. Keeping down the Black vote: race and the demobilization of American voters. (No Title). 2009."},{"key":"2253_CR33","first-page":"5","volume":"12","author":"AK Hing","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hing AK. The right to vote, the right to health: voter suppression as a determinant of racial health disparities. J Health Disparities Res Practice. 2018;12:5.","journal-title":"J Health Disparities Res Practice"},{"key":"2253_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2508.2005.00357.x","volume":"67","author":"JD Griffin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Griffin JD, Newman B. Are voters better represented? J Polit. 2005;67:1206\u201327.","journal-title":"J Polit"},{"key":"2253_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.02.022","volume":"218","author":"R Pabayo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pabayo R, Liu S, Grinshteyn E, Steele B, Cook D, Muennig P. Voting restrictions associated with health inequities in teenage birth rates. Public Health. 2023;218:121\u20137.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2253_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0267738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267738","volume":"17","author":"R Pabayo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pabayo R, Grinshteyn E, Steele B, Cook DM, Muennig P, Liu SY. The relationship between voting restrictions and COVID-19 case and mortality rates between US counties. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0267738.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2253_CR37","first-page":"100026","volume":"2","author":"R Pabayo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pabayo R, Liu SY, Grinshteyn E, Cook DM, Muennig P. Barriers to voting and access to health insurance among US adults: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Reg Health\u2013Am. 2021;2:100026.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health\u2013Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2253_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/0160323X231202421","volume":"56","author":"S Schraufnagel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schraufnagel S. Voting restrictions and public health: an analysis of state variation 1996\u20132020. State Local Gov Rev. 2023;56(1):60\u201375.","journal-title":"State Local Gov Rev"},{"key":"2253_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304563","volume":"108","author":"HB Shulman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shulman HB, D\u2019Angelo DV, Harrison L, Smith RA, Warner L. The pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS): overview of design and methodology. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:1305\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2253_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1089\/elj.2022.0041","volume":"21","author":"S Schraufnagel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schraufnagel S, Pomante MJ, Li Q. Cost of voting in the American States: 2022. Election Law J Rules Polit Policy. 2022;21:220\u20138.","journal-title":"Election Law J Rules Polit Policy"},{"key":"2253_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111426602","volume":"19","author":"L Myatt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Myatt L, Eschenbach DA, Lye SJ, Mesiano S, Murtha AP, Williams SM, et al. A standardized template for clinical studies in preterm birth. Reprod Sci. 2012;19:474\u201382.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2253_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy091","volume":"10","author":"SC Campisi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campisi SC, Carbone SE, Zlotkin S. Catch-up growth in full-term small for gestational age infants: a systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2019;10:104\u201311.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2253_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0427-0","volume":"14","author":"P Braveman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Braveman P, Marchi K, Egerter S, Kim S, Metzler M, Stancil T, et al. Poverty, near-poverty, and hardship around the time of pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2010;14:20\u201335.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2253_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12532","volume":"100","author":"DS Curtis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Curtis DS, Fuller-Rowell TE, Carlson DL, Wen M, Kramer MR. Does a rising median income lift all birth weights? County median income changes and low birth weight rates among births to black and white mothers. Milbank Q. 2022;100:38\u201377.","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"2253_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0144","volume":"25","author":"A Kershenbaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kershenbaum A, Price J, Nagle NN, Erwin PC. The pattern of association between US economic indicators and infant mortality rates at the state level. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2014;25:1432\u201348.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2253_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-49","volume":"9","author":"AC Carle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carle AC. Fitting multilevel models in complex survey data with design weights: recommendations. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009;9:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2253_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2009.06.003","volume":"23","author":"L McCowan","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCowan L, Horgan RP. Risk factors for small for gestational age infants. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;23:779\u201393.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2253_CR48","first-page":"100026","volume":"2","author":"R Pabayo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pabayo R, Liu SY, Grinshteyn E, Cook DM, Muennig P. Barriers to voting and access to health insurance among US adults: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Reg Health \u2013 Am. 2021;2:100026.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health \u2013 Am"},{"key":"2253_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031160","volume":"33","author":"CJ Hilmert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hilmert CJ, Dominguez TP, Schetter CD, Srinivas SK, Glynn LM, Hobel CJ, et al. Lifetime racism and blood pressure changes during pregnancy: implications for fetal growth. Health Psychol. 2014;33:43\u201351.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2253_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.10.005","volume":"26","author":"JC Slaughter-Acey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slaughter-Acey JC, Sealy-Jefferson S, Helmkamp L, Caldwell CH, Osypuk TL, Platt RW, et al. Racism in the form of micro aggressions and the risk of preterm birth among black women. Ann Epidemiol. 2016;26:7-13. e1.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2253_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.11.031","volume":"95","author":"N Priest","year":"2013","unstructured":"Priest N, Paradies Y, Trenerry B, Truong M, Karlsen S, Kelly Y. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Soc Sci Med. 2013;95:115\u201327.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2253_CR52","unstructured":"Ong P, Nakanishi DT. Becoming citizens, becoming voters: the naturalization and political participation of Asian Pacific immigrants. Reframing the immigration debate. 1996:275\u2013305."},{"key":"2253_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00207.x","volume":"38","author":"P-t Lien","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lien P-t. Asian Americans and voting participation: comparing racial and ethnic differences in recent US elections. Int Migr Rev. 2004;38:493\u2013517.","journal-title":"Int Migr Rev"},{"key":"2253_CR54","first-page":"57","volume":"23","author":"D Wong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wong D, Fink N. 18 million and rising: the fight against Asian American voter suppression. Asian Am Policy Rev. 2012;23:57.","journal-title":"Asian Am Policy Rev"},{"key":"2253_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2004.11.002","volume":"34","author":"J Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu J. Why do minorities participate less? The effects of immigration, education, and electoral process on Asian American voter registration and turnout. Soc Sci Res. 2005;34:682\u2013702.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"2253_CR56","first-page":"e126","volume-title":"The limited English proficient population in the United States","author":"J Zong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zong J, Batalova J. The limited English proficient population in the United States. Washington DC: Migration policy institute; 2015. p. e126."},{"key":"2253_CR57","unstructured":"Ruiz NG, Noe-Bustamante L, Shah S. Diverse cultures and shared experiences shape Asian American identities. Pew Res Center. 2023."},{"key":"2253_CR58","unstructured":"Fabina J. Voter registration in 2022 highest in 20 years for congressional elections. US Census Bureau. 2023."},{"key":"2253_CR59","unstructured":"Barreto MA, Nuno SA, Sanchez GR, editors. Voter ID requirements and the disenfranchisements of Latino, Black and Asian voters. Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois; 2007."},{"key":"2253_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01150","volume":"41","author":"M Bellerose","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bellerose M, Collin L, Daw JR. The ACA Medicaid expansion and perinatal insurance, health care use, and health outcomes: a systematic review: systematic review examines the effects of expanding Medicaid on insurance coverage, health care use, and health outcomes during preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum. Health Aff. 2022;41:60\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"2253_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2021.10.006","volume":"32","author":"SK Redd","year":"2022","unstructured":"Redd SK, Hall KS, Aswani MS, Sen B, Wingate M, Rice WS. Variation in restrictive abortion policies and adverse birth outcomes in the United States from 2005 to 2015. Womens Health Issues. 2022;32:103\u201313.","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"2253_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103177","volume":"85","author":"DS Curtis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Curtis DS, Waitzman N, Kramer MR, Shakib JH. Structural barriers to health care as risk factors for preterm and small-for-gestational-age birth among US-born Black and White mothers. Health Place. 2024;85:103177.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2253_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2023.307518","volume":"114","author":"T Rushovich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rushovich T, Nethery RC, White A, Krieger N. 1965 US voting rights act impact on Black and Black versus White infant death rates in Jim Crow States, 1959\u20131980 and 2017\u20132021. Am J Public Health. 2024;114:300\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2253_CR64","unstructured":"Mahs GRG. Voting and health: an exploratory analysis of the relationship between voter participation and county-level health using a pooled cross-sectional time-series design in two states (Oregon and Texas): the George Washington University; 2024."},{"key":"2253_CR65","unstructured":"Campaign RD. System failure: what the 2020 primary elections reveal about our democracy. 2021."},{"key":"2253_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2023.5","volume":"50","author":"J Michener","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michener J. Health justice through the lens of power. J Law Med Ethics. 2022;50:656\u201362.","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02253-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02253-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02253-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:17:31Z","timestamp":1768342651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02253-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02253-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 December 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study protocol was reviewed by the Montclair State University Institutional Review Board and considered exempt from human subject research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}