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Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test whether race\/ethnicity affects stage or grade distribution at upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database 2004\u20132020, UTUC patients were identified. Multivariable logistic regression models tested for the association between race\/ethnicity and stage as well as grade at diagnosis according to renal pelvis vs. ureteral origin. Stage at presentation was defined as (i) metastatic stage (T\n                      <jats:sub>any<\/jats:sub>\n                      N\n                      <jats:sub>any<\/jats:sub>\n                      M\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and (ii) advanced stage (locoregional or metastatic (T\n                      <jats:sub>3-4<\/jats:sub>\n                      N\n                      <jats:sub>0-2<\/jats:sub>\n                      M\n                      <jats:sub>0-1<\/jats:sub>\n                      )).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 14,384 UTUC patients, 8926 (62%) were renal pelvis. Of renal pelvis UTUC patients, 7064 (79%) were Caucasian, 797 (9%) Hispanic, 623 (7%) Asian Pacific Islander (API), and 442 (5%) African American (AA). Relative to Caucasians, API (odd ratio (OR) 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44\u20132.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and AA (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.83,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) patients more frequently harbored metastatic stage. APIs also more frequently harbored advanced (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.11\u20131.60,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) stage and high (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.07\u20131.67,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) grade. Of 5458 (38%) ureteral UTUC patients, 4360 (80%) were Caucasian, 362 (7%) Hispanic, 509 (9%) API, and 227 (4%) AA. Relative to Caucasians, Hispanic (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.01\u20132.05,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) patients more frequently harbored metastatic stage. APIs also more frequently harbored advanced stage (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.47,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) and high (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.49\u20132.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) grade.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Race\/ethnicity other than Caucasian, such as API and Hispanic, may predispose to higher odds of metastatic (T\n                      <jats:sub>any<\/jats:sub>\n                      N\n                      <jats:sub>any<\/jats:sub>\n                      M\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) or advanced (T\n                      <jats:sub>3-4<\/jats:sub>\n                      N\n                      <jats:sub>0-2<\/jats:sub>\n                      M\n                      <jats:sub>0-1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) stages as well as to higher grade at initial diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02285-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T13:01:35Z","timestamp":1736427695000},"page":"729-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Non-Caucasian Race\/Ethnicity Predisposes to Unfavorable Stage and Grade at Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8585-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"de Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Siech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natali Rodriguez","family":"Pe\u00f1aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan A.","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Coll\u00e0","family":"Ruvolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Califano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Creta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahrokh F.","family":"Shariat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Briganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix K. 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