{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T03:19:59Z","timestamp":1772853599550,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019419","name":"Otterbein University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Due to limited information and published research, health disparities among bi and multiracial (B\/MR) groups are not as understood as other racial groups. Without this knowledge and ability to allocate resources as needed, this is another racial group that could suffer from poorer health outcomes. As a result, participants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915) were placed in focus groups or individual interviews with ten qualitative questions. Each participant then completed an anonymous quantitative survey assessing their health-related behaviors. Quantitative results included 40% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096) of participants who tried cigarettes, 53% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098) who tried electronic vapor products, and only 20% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093) of participants who got the recommended hours of sleep nightly. Qualitative results include themes of situational identity, White assimilation, and pressure to explain their identity. Many participants dealt with the insensitivity that one side of their family exhibited towards the other side of their identity through inappropriate jokes and comments. Lastly, there were expectations from both family and friends to act a certain way. Researchers identified three major categories that the participant\u2019s influences fell into. Genetics, Culture\/Heritage, and the Environment are the aforementioned categories that can work together or stand alone to influence behaviors that can ultimately affect health outcomes. While these results are based on a small sample size (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915) of undergraduate B\/MR students, it does suggest that researchers should complete a more extensive survey on this racial group to verify these findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02291-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T09:50:02Z","timestamp":1738749002000},"page":"779-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Intersectionality Between Bi and Multiracial College Students\u2019 Self-identification and Their Behaviors\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8499-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Morant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Boatright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2291_CR1","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/life-stages-and-populations.htm. Updated May 12, 2016. Accessed September 23, 2022."},{"key":"2291_CR2","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. 2017 National Population Projections Tables, 2017-2060. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2017\/demo\/popproj\/2017-summary-tables.html. Accessed September 10, 2022."},{"key":"2291_CR3","unstructured":"Artiga S, Orgera K, Pham O. Disparities in health and health care: 5 key questions and answers. Racial equity and health policy. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/issue-brief\/disparities-in-health-and-health-care-5-key-question-and-answers\/ Accessed September 25, 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21555","volume":"69","author":"CE DeSantis","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeSantis CE, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(3):211\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21555.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2291_CR5","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and tobacco use. Fast facts and fact sheets.Data and Statistics. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/fast_facts\/index.htm#beginning. Accessed September 29, 2022."},{"key":"2291_CR6","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Public-Use File Dataset. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/release\/2018-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases. Accessed 10 Oct 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"2291_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01234-5","volume":"10","author":"SA Grilo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grilo SA, Santelli JS, Nathanson CA, Catallozzi M, Abraido-Lanza A, Adelman S, Hernandez D. Social, and structural influences on multiracial identification and health: a public health mandate to precisely measure, theorize and better understand multiracial populations. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2023;10(1):427\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-022-01234-5.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"2291_CR8","unstructured":"History.com Editors. History.Loving V. Virginia. https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/black-history\/loving-v-virginia. Accessed May 17, 2023."},{"key":"2291_CR9","unstructured":"Farley R. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in identifying with more than one race. American community survey: 200 to 2004. new challenges for measuring race in the United States. https:\/\/www.cdc.gove\/nchs\/ppt\/nchs2010\/30_farley.pdf. Accessed August 25, 2022."},{"key":"2291_CR10","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/brfss\/index.html. Accessed November 21, 2022."},{"key":"2291_CR11","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Adolescent and school health. Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System (YRBSS). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/data\/yrbs\/index.htm. Accessed December 28, 2022."},{"key":"2291_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/ss.284","volume":"123","author":"AR King","year":"2008","unstructured":"King AR. Student perspectives on multiracial identity. New Dir Student Serv Wiley Period. 2008;123:33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ss.284.","journal-title":"New Dir Student Serv. Wiley Period"},{"key":"2291_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/ss.282","volume":"123","author":"KA Renn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Renn KA. Research on biracial and multiracial identify development: overview and synthesis. New Dir Stud Ser Wiley Period. 2008;123:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ss.282.","journal-title":"New Dir Stud Ser Wiley Period"},{"key":"2291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431689091004","volume":"9","author":"JS Phinney","year":"1989","unstructured":"Phinney JS. Stages of ethnic identify development in minority group adolescents. J of Early Adol. 1989;9:34\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272431689091004.","journal-title":"J of Early Adol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2291_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023882","volume":"17","author":"CY Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang CY, Stormshak EA. A longitudinal examination of early adolescence ethnic identity trajectories. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2022;17(3):261\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0023882.","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"key":"2291_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01477.x","volume":"69","author":"WSC Poston","year":"1990","unstructured":"Poston WSC. The biracial identity development model: a needed addition. J Couns Dev. 1990;69:152\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6676.1990.tb01477.x.","journal-title":"J Couns Dev"},{"key":"2291_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1086\/214592","volume":"33","author":"RE Park","year":"1928","unstructured":"Park RE. Human migration and the marginal man. Am J Sociol. 1928;33:881\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/214592.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"2291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam-Hine T, Forthal S, Johnson CY, Chin HB. Asking MultiCrit questions: a reflexive and critical framework to promote health data equity for the multiracial population. Milbank Q, 2024;102(2): 398\u2013428. https:\/\/doi-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu\/10.1111\/1468-0009.12696.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12696"},{"key":"2291_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam-Hine T, Bradshaw P, Allen A, Omi M, Riddell C. A hypothetical intervention to reduce inequities in anxiety for multiracial people: simulating an intervention on childhood adversity. Am J Epidemiol, 2024;193(12): 1750\u20131757. https:\/\/doi-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu\/10.1093\/aje\/kwae095.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae095"},{"key":"2291_CR20","unstructured":"Cheang J. Why imposter syndrome goes deep for multiracial people. Mental Health American. https:\/\/mhanational.org\/blog\/why-imposter-syndrome-goes-deep-multiracial-people. Accessed November 11, 2022."},{"key":"2291_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oh H, Du J, Smith L, Koyanagi A. Mental health differences between multiracial and monoracial college students in the United States: emerging racial disparities. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 2023;69(3):744\u2013751. https:\/\/journals-sagepub-com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640221135817","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640221135817"},{"key":"2291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.93.11.186","volume":"93","author":"JR Udry","year":"2003","unstructured":"Udry JR, Li RM, Hendrickson-Smith J. Health and behavior risks of adolescents with mixed-race identity. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1865\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.93.11.186.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2291_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2022.0125","volume":"33","author":"R Braun","year":"2002","unstructured":"Braun R, Frey MC, Crisan R. Using the YRBSS to assess the health behaviors of bi\/multiracial adolescents. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2002;33:1478\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2022.0125.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2291_CR24","unstructured":"APA Dictionary of Psychology.American Psychological Association. https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/code-switching. Accessed June 6, 2023."},{"key":"2291_CR25","unstructured":"OtterAI. https:\/\/otter.ai\/. Accessed Oct 2021."},{"key":"2291_CR26","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) Assessment.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hrqol\/hrqo114_measure.html. Accessed August 29, 2023."},{"key":"2291_CR27","unstructured":"IBM SPSS Statistics. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 26.https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/spss-statistics. Accessed August 12, 2023."},{"key":"2291_CR28","unstructured":"Evans OG. Bronfengrenner\u2019s ecological systems theory.Simply Psychology. https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/bronfenbrenner.html. Accessed November 12, 2023."},{"key":"2291_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/he.20491","volume":"204","author":"KA Renn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Renn KA, Smith BRG. Ecological models in higher education research: overview and synthesis. N Dir High Educ. 2023;204:11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/he.20491.","journal-title":"N Dir High Educ"},{"key":"2291_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1353\/rhe.2000.0019","volume":"23","author":"KA Renn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Renn KA. Patterns of situational identity among biracial and multiracial college students. Rev Higher Education. 2000;23:399\u2013420.","journal-title":"Rev Higher Education"},{"key":"2291_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renn KA. Mixed race students in college: the ecology of race, identity, and community. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2004","DOI":"10.1353\/book4837"},{"key":"2291_CR32","unstructured":"Candelario C. What is white-passing (and is it actually an offensive term?). PureWow. https:\/\/www.purewow.com\/wellness\/what-is-white-passing. Accessed September 1, 2023."},{"key":"2291_CR33","first-page":"297","volume":"48","author":"P Ingram","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ingram P, Chaudhary AK, Jones WT. How do biracial students interact with others on the college campus? Coll Stud J. 2014;48:297\u2013311.","journal-title":"Coll Stud J"},{"key":"2291_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/jocc.12128","volume":"22","author":"MR West","year":"2019","unstructured":"West MR, Maffini CS. \u201cWhat are you?\u201d conceptualizing the complexities of bicultural and biracial college student experiences. J Coll Couns. 2019;22:164\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jocc.12128.","journal-title":"J Coll Couns"},{"key":"2291_CR35","unstructured":"Legal Defense Fund. Natural hair discrimination.https:\/\/www.naacpldf.org\/natural-hair-discrimination\/. Accessed August 8, 2023."},{"key":"2291_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin JL, Brooks JN. Loc\u2019d and faded, yoga pants and spaghetti straps: discrimination in dress codes and school pushout. Int J Ed Pol Leadership 2021;(16)19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22230\/ijepl.2020v16n19a1047.\u00a0","DOI":"10.22230\/ijepl.2020v16n19a1047"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02291-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02291-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02291-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:10:47Z","timestamp":1772809847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02291-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02291-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Otterbein University (HS#21\/22\u201304).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}