{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T03:11:48Z","timestamp":1772853108455,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02339-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T09:54:09Z","timestamp":1740995649000},"page":"1361-1373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial\/Ethnic and Geographic Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Service-Connected Disability Determination and Monthly Compensation Among Post-9\/11 US Veterans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3645-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara E.","family":"Dismuke-Greer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aryan","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Jo","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Del Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David X.","family":"Cifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terri K.","family":"Pogoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2339_CR1","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. VA\/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management and Rehabilitation of Post-acute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. 2021. https:\/\/www.healthquality.va.gov\/guidelines\/Rehab\/mtbi\/VADoDmTBICPGFinal508.pdf"},{"key":"2339_CR2","unstructured":"Military Health System. DoD TBI Worldwide Numbers. Accessed June 14, 2024. https:\/\/health.mil\/Military-Health-Topics\/Centers-of-Excellence\/Traumatic-Brain-Injury-Center-of-Excellence\/DOD-TBI-Worldwide-Numbers"},{"issue":"3","key":"2339_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617714000204","volume":"20","author":"ME O\u2019Neil","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil ME, Carlson KF, Storzbach D, et al. Factors associated with mild traumatic brain injury in veterans and military personnel: a systematic review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(3):249\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617714000204.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"2339_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lange RT, Brickell TA, Ivins B, Vanderploeg RD, French LM. 2013 Variable, not always persistent, postconcussion symptoms after mild TBI in U.S. military service members: a five-year cross-sectional outcome study. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30(11):958\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2012.2743","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2743"},{"issue":"2S","key":"2339_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.11.026","volume":"99","author":"MH Mortera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mortera MH, Kinirons SA, Simantov J, Klingbeil H. Long-term neurobehavioral symptoms and return to productivity in operation enduring freedom\/operation Iraqi freedom veterans with and without traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(2S):S50\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.11.026.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2339_CR6","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences E, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services; Committee on the Review of the Department of Veterans Affairs Examinations for Traumatic Brain Injury,.Evaluation of the Disability Determination Process for Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans. National Academies Press; 2019"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"2339_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1655793","volume":"33","author":"B Eggleston","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eggleston B, Dismuke-Greer CE, Pogoda TK, et al. A prediction model of military combat and training exposures on VA service-connected disability: a CENC study. Brain Inj. 2019;33(13\u201314):1602\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2019.1655793.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"10","key":"2339_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1482428","volume":"32","author":"CE Dismuke-Greer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dismuke-Greer CE, Nolen TL, Nowak K, et al. Understanding the impact of mild traumatic brain injury on veteran service-connected disability: results from Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium. Brain Inj. 2018;32(10):1178\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2018.1482428.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2339_CR9","unstructured":"Washington D. National Veteran Health Equity Report 2021. Focus on Veterans Health Administration Patient Experience and Health Care Quality. VHA Office of Health Equity; 2022. Accessed July 2, 2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"2339_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302545","volume":"105","author":"CE Dismuke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dismuke CE, Gebregziabher M, Yeager D, Egede LE. Racial\/ethnic differences in combat- and non-combat-associated traumatic brain injury severity in the Veterans Health Administration: 2004\u20132010. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(8):1696\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302545.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2339_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n2p260","volume":"8","author":"CE Dismuke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dismuke CE, Gebregziabher M, Egede LE. Racial\/ethnic disparities in VA services utilization as a partial pathway to mortality differentials among veterans diagnosed with TBI. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(2):260\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/gjhs.v8n2p260.","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"2339_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dismuke-Greer CE, Gebregziabher M, Ritchwood T, et al. Geographic disparities in mortality risk within a racially diverse sample of U.S. Veterans with traumatic brain injury. Health Equity. 2018;2(1):304\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/heq.2018.0047","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0047"},{"key":"2339_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ward RE, Nguyen XT, Li Y, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in U.S. veteran health characteristics. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Mar 2 2021;18(5)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18052411","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052411"},{"issue":"6","key":"2339_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-015-9358-9","volume":"34","author":"CM Sheehan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sheehan CM, Hummer RA, Moore BL, Huyser KR, Butler JS. Duty, honor, country, disparity: race\/ethnic differences in health and disability among male veterans. Popul Res Policy Rev. 2015;34(6):785\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11113-015-9358-9.","journal-title":"Popul Res Policy Rev"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2339_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e955","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac066","volume":"187","author":"T Peltzman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peltzman T, Rice K, Jones KT, Washington DL, Shiner B. Optimizing data on race and ethnicity for veterans affairs patients. Mil Med. 2022;187(7\u20138):e955\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usac066.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2339_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000409","volume":"53","author":"NR Kressin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kressin NR. Race\/ethnicity identification: vital for disparities research, quality improvement, and much more than \u201cmeets the eye.\u201d Med Care. 2015;53(8):663\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000409.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2339_CR17","unstructured":"National Veteran Health Equity Report \u2013 American Indian or Alaska Native Veteran Chartbook. Focus on Veterans Health Administration Patient Experience and Health Care Quality. (2022)"},{"key":"2339_CR18","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. Department of Veterans Affairs Fiscal Years 2022\u201328 Strategic Plan. 2022. Accessed October 5, 2023. https:\/\/department.va.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/va-strategic-plan-2022-2028.pdf"},{"key":"2339_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fried DA, Helmer D, Halperin WE, Passannante M, Holland BK. Health and health care service utilization among U.S. veterans denied VA service-connected disability compensation: a review of the literature. Mil Med. Oct 2015;180(10):1034\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00435","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00435"},{"key":"2339_CR20","unstructured":"VA Disability Compensation: Actions Needed to Enhance Information about Veterans Health Outcomes (GAO-20\u201326) (2019)"},{"key":"2339_CR21","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. VA benefits and health care. VA priority groups. Updated December 5, 2023. Accessed Dec 30, 2023.https:\/\/www.Va.Gov\/health-care\/eligibility\/priority-groups"},{"key":"2339_CR22","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. VA benefits and health care. Past rates: 2023 VA health care copay rates. Updated December 20, 2023. Accessed December 30, 2023. https:\/\/www.Va.Gov\/health-care\/copay-rates"},{"key":"2339_CR23","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. VA Utilization Profile FY 2017. 2020. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/vetdata\/docs\/Quickfacts\/VA_Utilization_Profile_2017.pdf"},{"key":"2339_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egede LE, Dismuke C, Echols C. Racial\/ethnic disparities in mortality risk among US veterans with traumatic brain injury. Am J Public Health. May 2012;102 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S266\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300176","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300176"},{"key":"2339_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esmaeili A, Pogoda T, Amuan ME, et al. The economic impact of cannabis use disorder and dementia diagnosis in veterans diagnosed with traumatic brain injury. Frontiers in Neurology. 14:1261144","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1261144"},{"issue":"11","key":"2339_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2682","volume":"79","author":"IJ Stewart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stewart IJ, Amuan ME, Wang CP, et al. Association between traumatic brain injury and subsequent cardiovascular disease among post-9\/11-era veterans. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79(11):1122\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2682.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2339_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2033846","volume":"36","author":"E Kennedy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kennedy E, Panahi S, Stewart IJ, et al. Traumatic brain injury and early onset dementia in post 9\u201311 veterans. Brain Inj. 2022;36(5):620\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2022.2033846.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2339_CR28","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. About the topic of race. Updated March 1, 2022. Accessed Jan 11, 2024.https:\/\/www.census.gov\/topics\/population\/race\/about.html"},{"key":"2339_CR29","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture. Rural-urban commuting area codes. Updated September 25. 2023. Accessed Jan 02, 2024. https:\/\/ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes\/"},{"key":"2339_CR30","unstructured":"Dismuke-Greer CE EA, Pugh MJ, Pogoda TK, Amuan M, Cifu DX. Association of clinical TBI severity and military factors with Veteran TBI service-connected disability ratings and total compensation: a Long-term Impact of Military Brain Injury Consortium (LIMBIC) study. Under review"},{"key":"2339_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jannace KC, Pompeii L, Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D, et al. Occupation and risk of traumatic brain injury in the millennium cohort study. Mil Med. Aug 29 2023;188(9\u201310):e3057-e3065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usac035","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac035"},{"issue":"8","key":"2339_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00184","volume":"181","author":"BD Lawson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lawson BD, Kass SJ, Dhillon KK, Milam LS, Cho TH, Rupert AH. Military occupations most affected by head\/sensory injuries and the potential job impact of those injuries. Mil Med. 2016;181(8):887\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00184.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2339_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X18761852","volume":"45","author":"A Kysar-Moon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kysar-Moon A, Mustillo S. Race\/ethnicity and traumatic brain injury: are there disparities in positive screenings and diagnoses among service members returning from Afghanistan and Iraq? Armed Forces Soc. 2019;45(1):155\u201376.","journal-title":"Armed Forces Soc"},{"key":"2339_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fabrizio KS, Keltner NL. Traumatic brain injury in operation enduring freedom\/operation Iraqi freedom: a primer. Nurs Clin North Am. Dec 2010;45(4):569\u201380, vi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnur.2010.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2010.06.003"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2339_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz259","volume":"185","author":"SM Escolas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Escolas SM, Luton M, Ferdosi H, Chavez BD, Engel SD. Traumatic brain injuries: unreported and untreated in an army population. Mil Med. 2020;185(Suppl 1):154\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usz259.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2339_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2015.1009211","volume":"3","author":"TW Britt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Britt TW, Ranes BM, Kelley AM, Traynham SA. Soldier beliefs about the readiness of military personnel with mild traumatic brain injury. Mil Behav Health. 2015;3(2):138\u201344.","journal-title":"Mil Behav Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2339_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_98_21","volume":"10","author":"MA Lindberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindberg MA, Sloley SS, Ivins BJ, Marion DW, Moy Martin EM. Military TBI-what civilian primary care providers should know. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021;10(12):4391\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_98_21.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2339_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ledesma R. Entrance and exit from the military. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work. 2007\/02\/20 2007;15(1\u20132):27\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J051v15n01_02","DOI":"10.1300\/J051v15n01_02"},{"key":"2339_CR39","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. VHA Directive 1184, Screening and Evaluation of Post-9\/11 Veterans for Deployment-related Traumatic Brain Injury. 2022. January 3, 2022. Accessed May 29, 2022. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/vhapublications\/ViewPublication.asp?pub_ID=9736"},{"key":"2339_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pogoda TK, Adams RS, Carlson KF, Dismuke-Greer CE, Amuan M, Pugh MJ. Risk of adverse outcomes among veterans who screen positive for traumatic brain injury in the Veterans Health Administration but do not complete a comprehensive evaluation: a LIMBIC-CENC study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. May-Jun 01 2024;39(3):171\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000881","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000881"},{"key":"2339_CR41","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Inspector General. Healthcare Inspection Review of Montana Board of Psychologists Complaint and Assessment of VA Protocols for Traumatic Brain Injury Compensation and Pension Examinations, Report No. 15\u201301580\u2013108 2018. Accessed Nov 3, 2024.https:\/\/www.vaoig.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/2018-02\/VAOIG-15-01580-108.pdf"},{"key":"2339_CR42","unstructured":"VA Secretary Provides Relief for Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injuries. June 1, 2016. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/opa\/pressrel\/includes\/viewPDF.cfm?id=2795"},{"issue":"5","key":"2339_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2024.07.003","volume":"34","author":"MK Good","year":"2024","unstructured":"Good MK, Davila H, Ball D, O\u2019Neill S, Healy H, Mengeling MA. Health and health care use of American Indian\/Alaska Native women veterans: a scoping review. Womens Health Issues Sep-Oct. 2024;34(5):455\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2024.07.003.","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues Sep-Oct"},{"issue":"12","key":"2339_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed-d-09-00070","volume":"174","author":"AL Grubaugh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grubaugh AL, Elhai JD, Ruggiero KJ, Egede LE, Naifeh JA, Frueh BC. Equity in Veterans Affairs disability claims adjudication in a national sample of veterans. Mil Med. 2009;174(12):1241\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7205\/milmed-d-09-00070.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2339_CR45","unstructured":"National Veteran Health Equity Report 2021: Focus on Veterans Health Administration Patient Experience and Health Care Quality. (VHA Office of Health Equity) (2022)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2339_CR46","first-page":"128","volume":"37","author":"H Thakur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thakur H, Oni O, Singh V, et al. Demographic profile and service-connection trends of posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury in US veterans pre- and post-9\/11. Fed Pract. 2020;37(3):128\u201337.","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"key":"2339_CR47","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs. American Indian and Alaska Native Veterans: 2017. 2020. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/vetdata\/docs\/SpecialReports\/AIAN.pdf"},{"key":"2339_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noe TD, Kaufman CE, Kaufmann LJ, Brooks E, Shore JH. Providing culturally competent services for American Indian and Alaska Native veterans to reduce health care disparities. Am J Public Health. Sep 2014;104 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):S548\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302140","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302140"},{"key":"2339_CR49","unstructured":"American Indian\/Alaska Native Veterans Fact Sheet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2339_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/11-123","volume":"16","author":"D Bassett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bassett D, Tsosie U, Nannauck S. \u201cOur culture is medicine\u201d: perspectives of Native healers on posttrauma recovery among American Indian and Alaska Native patients. Perm J Winter. 2012;16(1):19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7812\/TPP\/11-123.","journal-title":"Perm J Winter"},{"key":"2339_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsai J, Whealin JM, Pietrzak RH. Asian American and Pacific Islander military veterans in the United States: health service use and perceived barriers to mental health services. Am J Public Health. Sep 2014;104 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):S538\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302124","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302124"},{"issue":"5","key":"2339_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E441","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000570","volume":"35","author":"K Sarmiento","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarmiento K, Kennedy J, Daugherty J, et al. Traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits among American Indian and Alaska Native persons-National Patient Information Reporting System, 2005\u20132014. J Head Trauma Rehabil Sep\/Oct. 2020;35(5):E441\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000570.","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil Sep\/Oct"},{"issue":"3","key":"2339_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200505000-00004","volume":"20","author":"W Rutland-Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rutland-Brown W, Wallace LJ, Faul MD, Langlois JA. Traumatic brain injury hospitalizations among American Indians\/Alaska Natives. J Head Trauma Rehabil May-Jun. 2005;20(3):205\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001199-200505000-00004.","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil May-Jun"},{"issue":"46","key":"2339_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6846a2","volume":"68","author":"J Daugherty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daugherty J, Waltzman D, Sarmiento K, Xu L. Traumatic brain injury-related deaths by race\/ethnicity, sex, intent, and mechanism of injury - United States, 2000\u20132017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(46):1050\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6846a2.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2339_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acad005","volume":"38","author":"MS Sakamoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakamoto MS, Hanson KL, Chanfreau-Coffinier C, et al. An examination of racial\/ethnic differences on the neurobehavioral symptom inventory among veterans completing the comprehensive traumatic brain injury evaluation: a veterans affairs million veteran program study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2023;38(6):929\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acad005.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2339_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bouldin ED, Swan AA, Norman RS, et al. Health phenotypes and neurobehavioral symptom severity among post-9\/11 veterans with mild traumatic brain injury: a chronic effects of neurotrauma consortium study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. Jan-Feb 01 2021;36(1):10\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000574","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000574"},{"issue":"8","key":"2339_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1358","volume":"27","author":"BE Masel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Masel BE, DeWitt DS. Traumatic brain injury: a disease process, not an event. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(8):1529\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1358.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2339_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corrigan JD, Hammond FM, Sander AM, Kroenke K. Recognition of traumatic brain injury as a chronic condition: a commentary. J Neurotrauma. Sep 25 2024;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2024.0356","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0356"},{"key":"2339_CR59","unstructured":"Brain Injury Association of America. Brain injury: a lifelong journey. Accessed Nov 13, 2024.https:\/\/www.biausa.org\/brain-injury-as-a-chronic-condition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2339_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0086","volume":"3","author":"MS Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong MS, Hoggatt KJ, Steers WN, et al. Racial\/ethnic disparities in mortality across the Veterans Health Administration. Health Equity. 2019;3(1):99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/heq.2018.0086.","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"issue":"2","key":"2339_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X17700851","volume":"44","author":"AJ Maley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maley AJ, Hawkins DN. The southern military tradition: sociodemographic factors, cultural legacy and US army enlistments. Armed Forces Soc. 2018;44(2):195\u2013218.","journal-title":"Armed Forces Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2339_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3742","volume":"38","author":"B Bonds","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonds B, Dhanda A, Wade C, Diaz C, Massetti J, Stein DM. Prognostication of mortality and long-term functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury: can we do better? J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(8):1168\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2014.3742.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02339-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02339-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02339-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:09:10Z","timestamp":1772809750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02339-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02339-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of Stanford University and the University of Utah.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"A HIPAA Waiver was obtained and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Stanford University and the University of Utah.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All authors have consented to the publication of the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}