{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:12:54Z","timestamp":1786939974053,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH099981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH099981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3R01DK124664-01S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3R01DK124664-01S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004459","name":"RAND Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV-related stigmas contribute to HIV disparities, which faith-based organizations could address, but few studies have measured faith-based HIV intervention effects on HIV-related stigmas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taking It to the Pews (TIPS) is a multilevel, religiously tailored HIV prevention intervention developed and implemented with faith leaders. Over 12\u00a0months, trained church health liaisons implemented the TIPS Toolkit (e.g., HIV sermon guides and responsive readings, testimonials) with the primary aim of increasing HIV testing. A cluster randomized controlled trial with 14 predominantly African American churches in Kansas City, MO, compared TIPS to a non-tailored, multilevel HIV education intervention; both intervention and comparison groups offered church-based HIV testing events with the local health department. We examined whether TIPS affected HIV stigma among congregants and community members, specifically, HIV discomfort (5-item scale), anticipated HIV stigma (4-item scale), and overall HIV stigma (11-item scale), while controlling for known correlates of HIV stigma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 1491 church and community members at 14 churches. Compared to standard HIV education, TIPS did not decrease HIV discomfort or overall HIV stigma and did increase anticipated HIV stigma. A secondary analysis found that among intervention participants, intervention exposure was associated lower stigma and higher HIV knowledge, with HIV testing events and information from health professionals or HIV\u2009+\u2009people being particularly influential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Direct contact with health professionals and HIV\u2009+\u2009people can help reduce stigma among church-affiliated populations, but broader exposure and strategies are needed for congregation-level stigma. Stigma reduction and HIV testing may have synergistic effects in faith-based settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02436-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T09:52:00Z","timestamp":1745574720000},"page":"2523-2534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of a Faith-Based, Multilevel Intervention on HIV-Related Stigma and HIV Knowledge Among African American Church-Affiliated Populations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-6024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn P.","family":"Derose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0235-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannette","family":"Berkley-Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6633-3906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carole Bowe","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tacia","family":"Burgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chavon","family":"Hamilton-Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Wainright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0613-008X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenifer E.","family":"Allsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9635","key":"2436_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61118-6","volume":"372","author":"SO Aral","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aral SO, Adimora AA, Fenton KA. Understanding and responding to disparities in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in African Americans. The Lancet. 2008;372(9635):337\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61118-6.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2436_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301864","volume":"104","author":"A Nunn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nunn A, Yolken A, Cutler B, Trooskin S, Wilson P, Little S, et al. Geography should not be destiny: focusing HIV\/AIDS implementation research and programs on microepidemics in us neighborhoods. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(5):775\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2013.301864.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2436_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172354","volume":"12","author":"T Arnold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arnold T, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Chan PA, Perez-Brumer A, Bologna ES, Beauchamps L, et al. Social, structural, behavioral and clinical factors influencing retention in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care in Mississippi. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0172354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172354.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"2436_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","volume":"365","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2436_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283324283","volume":"24","author":"M Ray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ray M, Logan R, Sterne JA, Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz S, Robins JM, Sabin C, et al. The effect of combined antiretroviral therapy on the overall mortality of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 2010;24(1):123\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283324283.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"13","key":"2436_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624221111277","volume":"33","author":"AK Groves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Groves AK, Stankard P, Bowler SL, Jamil MS, Gebrekristos LT, Smith PD, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for community-based HIV testing on men\u2019s engagement in the HIV care cascade. Int J STD AIDS. 2022;33(13):1090\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09564624221111277.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"2436_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-023-00417-7","volume":"46","author":"R El-Krab","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Krab R, Brousseau N, Kalichman SC. Medical mistrust as a barrier to HIV prevention and care. J Behav Med. 2023;46(6):897\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-023-00417-7.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2436_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1207\/15324839851036705","volume":"20","author":"GM Herek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Herek GM, Capitanio JP. Symbolic prejudice or fear of infection? A functional analysis of AIDS-related stigma among heterosexual adults. Basic Appl Soc Psych. 1998;20(3):230\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/15324839851036705.","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psych"},{"issue":"4","key":"2436_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500701687171","volume":"13","author":"AE Bos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bos AE, Schaalma HP, Pryor JB. Reducing AIDS-related stigma in developing countries: the importance of theory- and evidence-based interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2008;13(4):450\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548500701687171.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"2436_CR10","unstructured":"The White House. National HIV\/AIDS strategy for the United States 2022\u20132025. Washington, D.C.; 2021. https:\/\/files.hiv.gov\/s3fs-public\/2022-09\/NHAS_Federal_Implementation_Plan.pdf."},{"key":"2436_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lincoln CE, Mamiya LH. The black church in the African American experience: Duke University Press; 1990. p. 536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctv125jv2p.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv125jv2p"},{"key":"2436_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-01926-0","author":"TJ Fuller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fuller TJ, Lambert DN, DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM. Reach and capacity of Black protestant health ministries as sites of community-wide health promotion: a qualitative social ecological model examination. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-024-01926-0.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"3","key":"2436_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-023-01315-4","volume":"49","author":"TM Gwathmey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gwathmey TM, Williams KL, Caban-Holt A, Starks TD, Foy CG, Mathews A, et al. Building a community partnership for the development of health ministries within the African American community: the triad pastors network. J Community Health. 2024;49(3):559\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-023-01315-4.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2436_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-010-9526-5","volume":"88","author":"MV Williams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Williams MV, Palar K, Derose KP. Congregation-based programs to address HIV\/AIDS: elements of successful implementation. J Urban Health. 2011;88(3):517\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-010-9526-5.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2436_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz046","volume":"78","author":"KR Fl\u00f3rez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fl\u00f3rez KR, Pay\u00e1n DD, Palar K, Williams MV, Katic B, Derose KP. Church-based interventions to address obesity among African Americans and Latinos in the United States: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2020;78(4):304\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz046.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2436_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144016","volume":"28","author":"MK Campbell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Campbell MK, Hudson MA, Resnicow K, Blakeney N, Paxton A, Baskin M. Church-based health promotion interventions: evidence and lessons learned. Annu Rev Public Health. 2007;28:213\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144016.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2436_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120606016","volume":"12","author":"LC Pichon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pichon LC, Powell TW. Review of HIV testing efforts in historically Black churches. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(6):6016\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph120606016.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2436_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2014.26.1.28","volume":"26","author":"KP Derose","year":"2014","unstructured":"Derose KP, Bogart LM, Kanouse DE, Felton A, Collins DO, Mata MA, et al. An intervention to reduce HIV-related stigma in partnership with African American and Latino churches. AIDS Educ Prev. 2014;26(1):28\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2014.26.1.28.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2436_CR19","first-page":"393","volume":"47","author":"JR Koch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koch JR, Beckley RE. Under the radar: AIDS ministry in the bible belt. Rev Relig Res. 2006;47(4):393\u2013408.","journal-title":"Rev Relig Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2436_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1300\/J137v15n02_13","volume":"15","author":"C McNeal","year":"2007","unstructured":"McNeal C, Perkins I. Potential roles of Black churches in HIV\/AIDS prevention. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2007;15(2\u20133):219\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J137v15n02_13.","journal-title":"J Hum Behav Soc Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2436_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/10810731003753125","volume":"15","author":"N Muturi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muturi N, An S. HIV\/AIDS stigma and religiosity among African American women. J Health Commun. 2010;15(4):388\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10810731003753125.","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2436_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S103","volume":"125","author":"LL Lindley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lindley LL, Coleman JD, Gaddist BW, White J. Informing faith-based HIV\/AIDS interventions: HIV-related knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes at project F.A.I.T.H. Churches in South Carolina. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(Suppl 1):12\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549101250S103.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2436_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2240-0","volume":"23","author":"JY Berkley-Patton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berkley-Patton JY, Thompson CB, Moore E, Hawes S, Berman M, Allsworth J, et al. Feasibility and outcomes of an HIV testing intervention in African American churches. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(1):76\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2240-0.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 2","key":"2436_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18644","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18644","volume":"16","author":"J Berkley-Patton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berkley-Patton J, Moore E, Berman M, Simon SD, Thompson CB, Schleicher T, et al. Assessment of HIV-related stigma in a us faith-based HIV education and testing intervention. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(3 Suppl 2):18644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18644.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2436_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1280-y","volume":"20","author":"KP Derose","year":"2016","unstructured":"Derose KP, Griffin BA, Kanouse DE, Bogart LM, Williams MV, Haas AC, et al. Effects of a pilot church-based intervention to reduce HIV stigma and promote HIV testing among African Americans and Latinos. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(8):1692\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-015-1280-y.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2436_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2017.1371664","volume":"30","author":"P Payne-Foster","year":"2018","unstructured":"Payne-Foster P, Bradley ELP, Aduloju-Ajijola N, Yang X, Gaul Z, Parton J, et al. Testing our FAITHH: HIV stigma and knowledge after a faith-based HIV stigma reduction intervention in the rural south. AIDS Care. 2018;30(2):232\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2017.1371664.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2436_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.105848","volume":"86","author":"J Berkley-Patton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berkley-Patton J, Bowe Thompson C, Goggin K, Catley D, Berman M, Bradley-Ewing A, et al. A religiously-tailored, multilevel intervention in African American churches to increase HIV testing: rationale and design of the taking it to the pews cluster randomized trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2019;86:105848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2019.105848.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"7","key":"2436_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764299042007006","volume":"42","author":"GM Herek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Herek GM, Capitanio JP. AIDS stigma and sexual prejudice. Am Behav Sci. 1999;42(7):1130\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764299042007006.","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2436_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9029-7","volume":"10","author":"JL Lauby","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lauby JL, Bond L, Eroglu D, Batson H. Decisional balance, perceived risk and HIV testing practices. AIDS Behav. 2006;10(1):83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-005-9029-7.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"2436_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.01.006","volume":"64","author":"LC Simbayi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simbayi LC, Kalichman S, Strebel A, Cloete A, Henda N, Mqeketo A. Internalized stigma, discrimination, and depression among men and women living with HIV\/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(9):1823\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.01.006.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2436_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.83.4.574","volume":"83","author":"GM Herek","year":"1993","unstructured":"Herek GM, Capitanio JP. Public reactions to AIDS in the United States: a second decade of stigma. Amer J Public Health. 1993;83(4):574\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.83.4.574.","journal-title":"Amer J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2436_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.14.2.172.23902","volume":"14","author":"MP Carey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carey MP, Schroder KE. Development and psychometric evaluation of the brief HIV knowledge questionnaire. AIDS Educ Prev. 2002;14(2):172\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.14.2.172.23902.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2436_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000062","volume":"22","author":"KP Derose","year":"2016","unstructured":"Derose KP, Kanouse DE, Bogart LM, Griffin BA, Haas A, Stucky BD, et al. Predictors of HIV-related stigmas among African American and Latino religious congregants. Cult Divers Ethn Min. 2016;22(2):185\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cdp0000062.","journal-title":"Cult Divers Ethn Min"},{"issue":"1","key":"2436_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00621.x","volume":"27","author":"GM Herek","year":"1997","unstructured":"Herek GM, Capitanio JP. AIDS stigma and contact with persons with AIDS: effects of direct and vicarious contact. J Appl Soc Psychol. 1997;27(1):1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00621.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2436_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.689810","volume":"25","author":"S Mall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mall S, Middelkoop K, Mark D, Wood R, Bekker LG. Changing patterns in HIV\/AIDS stigma and uptake of voluntary counselling and testing services: the results of two consecutive community surveys conducted in the Western Cape, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2013;25(2):194\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2012.689810.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2436_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2011.648597","volume":"24","author":"D Nambiar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nambiar D, Rimal RN. Duty and destiny: psychometric properties and correlates of HIV-related stigma among youth ngo workers in Delhi, India. AIDS care. 2012;24(11):1384\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2011.648597.","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2436_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.07.026","volume":"69","author":"TM Ronzani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ronzani TM, Higgins-Biddle J, Furtado EF. Stigmatization of alcohol and other drug users by primary care providers in southeast Brazil. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(7):1080\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.07.026.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2436_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0161-9","author":"KR Florez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Florez KR, Derose KP, Breslau J, Griffin BA, Haas AC, Kanouse DE, et al. Acculturation and drug use stigma among Latinos and African Americans: an examination of a church-based sample. J Immigr Minor Health\/Center Minor Public Health. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-015-0161-9.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health\/Center Minor Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2436_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/00224498009551081","volume":"16","author":"KS Larsen","year":"1980","unstructured":"Larsen KS, Reed M, Hoffman S. Attitudes of heterosexuals toward homosexuality: a likert-type scale and construct validity. J Sex Res. 1980;16(3):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224498009551081.","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2436_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2023.35.1.54","volume":"35","author":"KP Derose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Derose KP, Berkley-Patton J, Hamilton-Burgess C, Thompson CB, Williams ED, Simon S, et al. Correlates of HIV-related stigmas among African American church-affiliated populations in Kansas City. AIDS Educ Prev. 2023;35(1):54\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2023.35.1.54.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2436_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.15.1.49.23844","volume":"15","author":"L Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown L, Macintyre K, Trujillo L. Interventions to reduce HIV\/AIDS stigma: what have we learned? AIDS Educ Prev. 2003;15(1):49\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.15.1.49.23844.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2436_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500600595327","volume":"11","author":"M Heijnders","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heijnders M, Van Der Meij S. The fight against stigma: an overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):353\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548500600595327.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2436_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62","volume":"22","author":"AP Mahajan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, Remien RH, Sawires SR, Ortiz DJ, et al. Stigma in the HIV\/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS. 2008;22(Suppl 2):S67-79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"2436_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751","volume":"90","author":"TF Pettigrew","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;90(5):751\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2436_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/00027649921954796","volume":"42","author":"MT Fullilove","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fullilove MT, Fullilove RE. Stigma as an obstacle to AIDS action: the case of the African American community. Am Behav Sci. 1999;42(7):1117\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00027649921954796.","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2436_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.01.020","volume":"74","author":"RN Bluthenthal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bluthenthal RN, Palar K, Mendel P, Kanouse DE, Corbin DE, Derose KP. Attitudes and beliefs related to HIV\/AIDS in urban religious congregations: barriers and opportunities for HIV-related interventions. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(10):1520\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.01.020.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2436_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daaa057","volume":"36","author":"W Husbands","year":"2021","unstructured":"Husbands W, Kerr J, Calzavara L, Tharao W, Greenspan N, Muchenje-Marisa M, et al. Black praise: engaging Black congregations to strengthen critical awareness of HIV affecting Black canadian communities. Health Promot Int. 2021;36(2):303\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/daaa057.","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"2436_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.036","volume":"68","author":"J Trinitapoli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trinitapoli J, Ellison CG, Boardman JD. US religious congregations and the sponsorship of health-related programs. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(12):2231\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.036.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2436_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4278\/061212152R.1","volume":"22","author":"KJ Steinman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steinman KJ, Bambakidis A. Faith-health collaboration in the United States: results from a nationally representative study. Am J Health Promot. 2008;22(4):256\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4278\/061212152R.1.","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"S5","key":"2436_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S366","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2024.307607","volume":"114","author":"J Berkley-Patton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Berkley-Patton J, Thompson CB, Templeton T, Finocchario-Kessler S, Williams E, Wainright C, et al. Have a little faith: overcoming pandemic-related challenges to designing and implementing a COVID-19 testing trial in African American churches. Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S5):S366\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2024.307607.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"2436_CR51","first-page":"60S","volume":"97","author":"LL Agate","year":"2005","unstructured":"Agate LL, Cato-Watson D, Mullins JM, Scott GS, Rolle V, Markland D, et al. Churches united to stop HIV (CUSH): a faith-based HIV prevention initiative. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7 Suppl):60S-3S.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2436_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/13561820400011776","volume":"18","author":"MT Marcus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marcus MT, Walker T, Swint JM, Smith BP, Brown C, Busen N, et al. Community-based participatory research to prevent substance abuse and HIV\/AIDS in African-American adolescents. J Interprof Care. 2004;18(4):347\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13561820400011776.","journal-title":"J Interprof Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2436_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHH.0000333876.70819.14","volume":"14","author":"CO Tyrell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tyrell CO, Klein SJ, Gieryic SM, Devore BS, Cooper JG, Tesoriero JM. Early results of a statewide initiative to involve faith communities in HIV prevention. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2008;14(5):429\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.PHH.0000333876.70819.14.","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2436_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731506296826","volume":"17","author":"SA MacMaster","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacMaster SA, Jones JL, Rasch RER, Crawford SL, Thompson S, Sanders EC. Evaluation of a faith-based culturally relevant program for African American substance users at risk for HIV in the southern United States. Res Soc Work Pract. 2007;17(2):229\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731506296826.","journal-title":"Res Soc Work Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2436_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-013-9765-3","volume":"53","author":"P Mendel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mendel P, Derose KP, Werber L, Palar K, Kanouse DE, Mata M. Facilitators and barriers to HIV activities in religious congregations: perspectives of clergy and lay leaders from a diverse urban sample. J Relig Health. 2014;53(5):1472\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-013-9765-3.","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2436_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9740-4","volume":"90","author":"J Berkley-Patton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berkley-Patton J, Thompson CB, Martinez DA, Hawes SM, Moore E, Williams E, et al. Examining church capacity to develop and disseminate a religiously appropriate HIV tool kit with African American churches. J Urban Health. 2013;90(3):482\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-012-9740-4.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2436_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9847-0","volume":"15","author":"S Sengupta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sengupta S, Banks B, Jonas D, Miles MS, Smith GC. HIV interventions to reduce HIV\/AIDS stigma: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1075\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-010-9847-0.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02436-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02436-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02436-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:19:05Z","timestamp":1783523945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02436-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02436-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the University of Missouri \u2013 Kansas City.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Participants provided written consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}