{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:13:56Z","timestamp":1783527236335,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25DA050985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25DA050985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite lower smoking prevalence than U.S.-born individuals, immigrants face disparities in smoking cessation treatment. Insurance status and limited English proficiency (LEP) impede their healthcare access, but their impact on tobacco cessation treatment remains unclear. This study examines smoking cessation treatment differences between immigrants and U.S.-born individuals and explores potential barriers to access for immigrants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the 2018 and 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were analyzed. Variables regarding demographics, insurance status, time spent in the U.S., and English proficiency were examined. Chi-squared and binomial logistic regression were used to compare smoking cessation treatment between U.S.-born individuals and immigrants and to understand differences within the immigrant subsample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 3727 daily smokers surveyed, 247 were immigrants (6.6%). Immigrants had lower odds than U.S.-born individuals of being asked about tobacco use by healthcare providers (OR\u2009=\u20090.66, 95% CI [0.47\u20130.93]). Within the immigrant subgroup, those without insurance had lower odds of being asked about tobacco use (OR\u2009=\u20090.26, 95% CI [0.11\u20130.62]) and had lower odds of being advised to quit smoking in the past year (OR\u2009=\u20090.29, 95% CI [0.12\u20130.69]). Immigrants who had LEP were less likely to have ever been asked about tobacco use (OR\u2009=\u20090.44, 95% CI [0.20\u20130.94]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight that persistent disparities in healthcare, namely insurance status and language barriers, may hinder access to smoking cessation treatment services in immigrant populations. Future research should focus on developing interventions that address these barriers while promoting cultural competency and linguistically appropriate care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02443-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T11:06:54Z","timestamp":1745320014000},"page":"2622-2628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Disparities in Smoking Cessation Treatment Among Immigrants and Potential Barriers to Care"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7659-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian T.","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058654","volume":"8","author":"JR Bosdriesz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bosdriesz JR, Lichthart N, Witvliet MI, Busschers WB, Stronks K, Kunst AE. Smoking prevalence among migrants in the us compared to the us-born and the population in countries of origin. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0058654.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"2443_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.01.027","volume":"61","author":"D Acevedo-Garcia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Acevedo-Garcia D, Pan J, Jun H-J, Osypuk TL, Emmons KM. The effect of immigrant generation on smoking. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(6):1223\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.01.027.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2443_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz022","volume":"22","author":"F Pampel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pampel F, Khlat M, Bricard D, Legleye S. Smoking among immigrant groups in the united states: prevalence, education gradients, and male-to-female ratios. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(4):532\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntz022.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2443_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.102035","volume":"30","author":"CK Ra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ra CK, Pehlivan N, Kim H, Sussman S, Unger JB, Businelle MS. Smoking prevalence among Asian Americans: associations with education, acculturation, and gender. Prev Med Rep. 2022;30:102035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.102035.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"2443_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.102105","volume":"31","author":"R Bolijn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bolijn R, et al. The contribution of smoking to differences in cardiovascular disease incidence between men and women across six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: the HELIUS study. Prev Med Rep. 2023;31:102105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.102105.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2443_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31818ddff7","volume":"3","author":"DJ Raz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raz DJ, et al. Epidemiology of non-small cell lung cancer in Asian Americans: incidence patterns among six subgroups by nativity. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3(12):1391\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31818ddff7.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01124-0","volume":"24","author":"T Porteny","year":"2022","unstructured":"Porteny T, Ponce N, Sommers BD. Immigrants and the affordable care act: changes in coverage and access to care by documentation status. J Immigr Minor Health. 2022;24(1):86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-020-01124-0.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2020.0057","volume":"4","author":"AM FoilesSifuentes","year":"2020","unstructured":"FoilesSifuentes AM, Robledo Cornejo M, Li NC, Castaneda-Avila MA, Tjia J, Lapane KL. The role of limited english proficiency and access to health insurance and health care in the affordable care act era. Health Equity. 2020;4(1):509\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/heq.2020.0057.","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"issue":"4","key":"2443_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000187","volume":"89","author":"L Cacari Stone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cacari Stone L, Steimel L, Vasquez-Guzman E, Kaufman A. The potential conflict between policy and ethics in caring for undocumented immigrants at academic health centers. Acad Med. 2014;89(4):536\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000187.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2019.0056","volume":"3","author":"S Saluja","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saluja S, et al. Barriers to primary care after the affordable care act: a qualitative study of Los Angeles safety-net patients\u2019 experiences. Health Equity. 2019;3(1):423\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/heq.2019.0056.","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-015-9732-1","volume":"50","author":"RJ Burns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burns RJ, Rothman AJ, Fu SS, Lindgren B, Vock DM, Joseph AM. Longitudinal care improves cessation in smokers who do not initially respond to treatment by increasing cessation self-efficacy, satisfaction, and readiness to quit: a mediated moderation analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2016;50(1):58\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-015-9732-1.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06750-4","volume":"21","author":"M Pandey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pandey M, et al. Impacts of English language proficiency on healthcare access, use, and outcomes among immigrants: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-06750-4.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2443_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14199","volume":"64","author":"Y Jang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jang Y, Yoon H, Park NS, Chiriboga DA. Health vulnerability of immigrants with limited english proficiency: a study of older Korean Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(7):1498\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.14199.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2443_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36091","DOI":"10.2196\/36091","volume":"6","author":"N Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang N, et al. Development of a WeChat-based mobile messaging smoking cessation intervention for chinese immigrant smokers: qualitative interview study. JMIR Form Res. 2022;6(6):e36091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/36091.","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2443_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz187","volume":"22","author":"R Pratt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pratt R, et al. Text message support for smoking cessation during Ramadan: a focus group study with somali immigrant Muslim men. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(9):1636\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntz187.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2018.1446377","volume":"19","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen J, Grossman E, Link A, Wang B, Sherman S. Disparities in hospital smoking cessation treatment by immigrant status. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2020;19(1):44\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15332640.2018.1446377.","journal-title":"J Ethn Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"2443_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2007.06.018","volume":"4","author":"J Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang J, et al. Medical expenditure panel survey: a valuable database for studying racial and ethnic disparities in prescription drug use. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2008;4(3):206\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sapharm.2007.06.018.","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"issue":"7 Suppl 1","key":"2443_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181a23e3a","volume":"47","author":"JW Cohen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohen JW, Cohen SB, Banthin JS. The medical expenditure panel survey: a national information resource to support healthcare cost research and inform policy and practice. Med Care. 2009;47(7 Suppl 1):S44-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181a23e3a.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2443_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-022-01346-4","volume":"24","author":"R Woofter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Woofter R, Sudhinaraset M. Differences in barriers to healthcare and discrimination in healthcare settings among undocumented immigrants by deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA) status. J Immigr Minor Health. 2022;24(4):937\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-022-01346-4.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2443_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001839","volume":"61","author":"M-EDT Young","year":"2023","unstructured":"Young M-EDT, Tafolla S, Saadi A, Sudhinaraset M, Chen L, Pourat N. Beyond \u2018chilling effects\u2019: Latinx and Asian immigrants\u2019 experiences with enforcement and barriers to health care. Med Care. 2023;61(5):306\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001839.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2443_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-010-0090-1","volume":"25","author":"CA Powers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powers CA, Zapka J, Biello KB, O\u2019Donnell J, Prout M, Geller A. Cultural competency and tobacco control training in US medical schools: many but missed opportunities. J Canc Educ. 2010;25(3):290\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13187-010-0090-1.","journal-title":"J Canc Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2443_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12194","volume":"48","author":"C Katigbak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katigbak C, Foley M, Robert L, Hutchinson MK. Experiences and lessons learned in using community-based participatory research to recruit Asian American immigrant research participants. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2016;48(2):210\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnu.12194.","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"4","key":"2443_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16400","volume":"119","author":"A Leinberger-Jabari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leinberger-Jabari A, Golob MM, Lindson N, Hartmann-Boyce J. Effectiveness of culturally tailoring smoking cessation interventions for reducing or quitting combustible tobacco: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Addiction. 2024;119(4):629\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16400.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"2443_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-014-0045-4","volume":"17","author":"SS Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim SS, Kim S-H, Fang H, Kwon S, Shelley D, Ziedonis D. A culturally adapted smoking cessation intervention for Korean Americans: a mediating effect of perceived family norm toward quitting. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(4):1120\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-014-0045-4.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2443_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016932","volume":"78","author":"B Borrelli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borrelli B, McQuaid EL, Novak SP, Hammond SK, Becker B. Motivating Latino caregivers of children with asthma to quit smoking: a randomized trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78(1):34\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0016932.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02443-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02443-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02443-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:19:00Z","timestamp":1783523940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02443-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02443-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is a secondary analysis of publicly available data that does not involve accessing subject identifiers. The University of Washington Office of Research Human Subjects Division has confirmed that Institutional Review Board (IRB) review is not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}