{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:13:52Z","timestamp":1783527232484,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R25DA050985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R25DA050985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL093086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL093086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1AG071677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG071677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AG057821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AG057821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG070822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG070822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50AG005136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AG005136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02478-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T13:54:08Z","timestamp":1756130048000},"page":"3041-3049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognition and Depression in American Indian Elders with Prescribed Opioid Use: Data from the Strong Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ch\u00e9","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith I.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dedra","family":"Buchwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Suchy-Dicey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2478_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9041-y","volume":"17","author":"SA Gruber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gruber SA, Silveri MM, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Neuropsychological consequences of opiate use. Neuropsychol Rev. 2007;17(3):299\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-007-9041-y.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2478_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.018","volume":"60","author":"F Arias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arias F, Arnsten JH, Cunningham CO, Coulehan K, Batchelder A, Brisbane M, Rivera-Mindt M. Neurocognitive, psychiatric, and substance use characteristics in opioid dependent adults. Addict Behav. 2016;60:137\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.018.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"2478_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2021.19558953","volume":"47","author":"JD Ivanich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivanich JD, Weckstein J, Nestadt PS, Cwik MF, Walls M, Haroz EE, O\u2019Keefe VM, Goklish N, Barlow A. Suicide and the opioid overdose crisis among American Indian and Alaska Natives: a storm on two fronts demanding swift action. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021;47(5):527\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00952990.2021.19558953.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"2478_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12188","volume":"24","author":"ML Griffin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Griffin ML, Bennett HE, Fitzmaurice GM, Hill KP, Provost SE, Weiss RD. Health-related quality of life among prescription opioid-dependent patients: results from a multi-site study. Am J Addict. 2015;24(4):308\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.12188.","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"issue":"4","key":"2478_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2017.04.170112","volume":"30","author":"MA Davis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis MA, Lin LA, Liu H, Sites BD. Prescription opioid use among adults with mental health disorders in the United States. J Am Board Fam Med. 2017;30(4):407\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3122\/jabfm.2017.04.170112.","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med."},{"issue":"47","key":"2478_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6747a4","volume":"67","author":"M Adakai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adakai M, Sandoval-Rosario M, Xu F, Aseret-Manygoats T, Allison M, Greenlund KJ, Barbour KE. Health disparities among American Indians\/Alaska Natives - Arizona, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(47):1314\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6747a4.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2478_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McKinley, C.E. (2023). Health equity among US Indigenous Peoples: understanding the intersections of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Social Sciences and Global Public Health. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-25110-8_128.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25110-8_128"},{"issue":"7-8_suppl","key":"2478_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643211014399","volume":"33","author":"SM Manson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manson SM, Buchwald DS. Aging and health of American Indians and Alaska Natives: contributions from the Native Investigator Development Program. J Aging Health. 2021;33(7-8_suppl):3S-9S.","journal-title":"J Aging Health."},{"key":"2478_CR9","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau.\u00a0Statistical abstract of the United States: 2008.\u00a0Washington, DC: 2008. Projections of the American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination population by age and sex for the United States: 2010 to 2050."},{"issue":"8","key":"2478_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16434","volume":"68","author":"A Suchy-Dicey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suchy-Dicey A, Verney SP, Nelson LA, Barbosa-Leiker C, Howard BA, Crane PK, Buchwald DS. Depression symptoms and cognitive test performance in older American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(8):1739\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.16434.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2478_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.6.587","volume":"61","author":"MA Butters","year":"2004","unstructured":"Butters MA, Whyte EM, Nebes RD, et al. The nature and determinants of neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:587\u201395.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2478_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suchy-Dicey AM, Oziel K, Sawyer C, Olufadi Y, Ali T, Fretts AM, . . . Grabowski TJ (2022) Educational and Clinical associations with longitudinal cognitive function and brain imaging in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Neurology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201261.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201261"},{"issue":"24","key":"2478_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2637","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201261","volume":"99","author":"AM Suchy-Dicey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suchy-Dicey AM, Oziel K, Sawyer C, Olufadi Y, Ali T, Fretts AM, Umans JG, Shibata DK, Longstreth WT Jr, Rhoads K, Buchwald DS, Grabowski TJ. Educational and clinical associations with longitudinal cognitive function and brain imaging in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Neurology. 2022;99(24):e2637\u201347.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2478_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000443277","volume":"47","author":"AM Suchy-Dicey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suchy-Dicey AM, Shibata D, Best LG, Verney SP, Longstreth WT Jr, Lee ET, Buchwald D. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in elderly American Indians: design, methods, and implementation of the cerebrovascular disease and its consequences in American Indians Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;47(2):67\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000443277.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2478_CR15","volume-title":"California verbal learning test (CVLT-II)","author":"DC Delis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California verbal learning test (CVLT-II). 2nd ed. US: The Psychological Corporation; 2000.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"8","key":"2478_CR16","first-page":"314","volume":"48","author":"EL Teng","year":"1987","unstructured":"Teng EL, Chang Chui H. The modified mini-mental (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48(8):314\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2478_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000067110","volume":"22","author":"OL Lopez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Fitzpatrick A, Ives D, Becker JT, Beauchamp N. Evaluation of dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2003;22:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2478_CR18","unstructured":"Benton, A. L., & Hansher, K. (1976). Multilingual aphasia examination (2nd ed.). Iowa City, IO: AJA Associates."},{"issue":"6","key":"2478_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx368","volume":"187","author":"AM Suchy-Dicey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suchy-Dicey AM, Muller CJ, Madhyastha TM, Shibata D, Cole SA, Zhao J, Longstreth WT Jr, Buchwald D. Telomere Length and magnetic resonance imaging findings of vascular brain injury and central brain atrophy: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(6):1231\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx368.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2478_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz032","volume":"48","author":"RA Hughes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hughes RA, Heron J, Sterne JA, Tilling K. Accounting for missing data in statistical analyses: multiple imputation is not always the answer. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(4):1294\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyz032.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2478_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70002","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70002","volume":"21","author":"YJ Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei YJ, Winterstein AG, Schmidt S, Fillingim RB, Schmidt S, Daniels MJ, DeKosky ST. Prescription opioid use and cognitive function in older adults with chronic pain: a population-based longitudinal cohort study. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21(2):e70002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.70002.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"12","key":"2478_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18030","volume":"70","author":"NS Warner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Warner NS, Hanson AC, Schulte PJ, Habermann EB, Warner DO, Mielke MM. Prescription opioids and longitudinal changes in cognitive function in older adults: a population-based observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022;70(12):3526\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.18030.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2478_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-015-0146-3","volume":"3","author":"H Moon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moon H, Roh S, Lee YS, Goins RT. Disparities in health, health care access, and life experience between American Indian and White adults in South Dakota. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2016;3(2):301\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-015-0146-3.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"47","key":"2478_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6747a4","volume":"67","author":"M Adakai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adakai M, Sandoval-Rosario M, Xu F, Aseret-Manygoats T, Allison M, Greenlund KJ, Barbour KE. Health disparities among American Indians\/Alaska Natives - Arizona, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(47):1314\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6747a4.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2478_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2016.1265211","volume":"26","author":"SM Wille","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wille SM, Kemp KA, Greenfield BL, Walls ML. Barriers to healthcare for American Indians experiencing homelessness. J Soc Distress Homeless. 2017;26(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10530789.2016.1265211.","journal-title":"J Soc Distress Homeless."},{"issue":"7","key":"2478_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000021","volume":"30","author":"MJ Edlund","year":"2014","unstructured":"Edlund MJ, Martin BC, Russo JE, DeVries A, Braden JB, Sullivan MD. The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(7):557\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000021.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2478_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang TY, Lee SY, Chang YH, Chen SL, Chen PS, Chu CH, . . . Lu RB (2018) Correlation of cytokines, BDNF levels, and memory function in patients with opioid use disorder undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend, 191, 6\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.024"},{"key":"2478_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108838","volume":"226","author":"EL Winstanley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Winstanley EL, Mahoney JJ 3rd, Castillo F, Comer SD. Neurocognitive impairments and brain abnormalities resulting from opioid-related overdoses: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;226:108838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108838.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02478-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02478-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02478-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:19:29Z","timestamp":1783523969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02478-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02478-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participating institutions, the Indian Health Service (IHS), and tribal review boards approved the study protocols: the University of Washington, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City Area IHS, Southern Plains Tribal Health Board (formerly Oklahoma City Area Intertribal Health Board), Great Plains IHS, Cheyenne River Tribe, Oglala Sioux Tribe, MedStar Health Research Institute, Phoenix Area IHS, and Salt River Pima Maricopa Tribes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}