{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T02:41:08Z","timestamp":1760496068240,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2030511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2030511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This exploratory study investigates the intersection of county demographics, healthcare disparities, and COVID-19 policies with COVID-19 outcomes in Texas. Using hierarchical clustering, random forest, and multinomial logistic regression algorithms, the study analyzes COVID-19 case data from March 4, 2020, to December 15, 2020, across 254 Texas counties. The findings reveal six distinct clusters, with key differentiating factors including the number of days under mask mandate, number of churches, population density, water area, and proportion of African American population. Longer mask mandates are associated with higher case rates, suggesting remedial rather than preventive implementation. Higher population density and more churches per person correlate with steeper case increases. Access to bodies of water and the proportion of the African American population were also associated with case trends. These insights helped us formulate hypotheses that can inform tailored public health interventions to address regional characteristics within Texas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02688-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T15:52:15Z","timestamp":1760457135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Masking Mandate Policies and Community-Level Factors Associated with COVID-19 Cases Spread in the State of Texas"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8481-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel K.","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Skidmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenroy","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis A. M\u00e9ndez","family":"Mediavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2688_CR1","unstructured":"The New York Times. Coronavirus in the U.S.: latest map and case count.\u00a0[Online].\u00a0Available: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/us\/covid-cases.html"},{"key":"2688_CR2","unstructured":"M. Cai, E. Albracht, and C. Essig. One year ago, the first Texan was killed by COVID-19. 47,000 deaths followed \u2014 and it\u2019s not over. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/apps.texastribune.org\/features\/2021\/texas-coronavirus-deaths-one-year\/"},{"key":"2688_CR3","unstructured":"DSHS. Opening the State of Texas.\u00a0[Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.dshs.texas.gov\/coronavirus\/opentexas.aspx"},{"key":"2688_CR4","unstructured":"R. Kladzyk, P. Galewitz, and E. Lucas. In Texas-Mexico border towns, COVID-19 has had an unconscionably high death toll.\u00a0[Online]. Available: https:\/\/time.com\/6074581\/covid-19-deaths-texas-mexico-border"},{"key":"2688_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtemanche CJ, Le AH, Yelowitz A, and Zimmer R, \u201cSchool reopenings, mobility, and COVID-19 spread: evidence from Texas,\u201d National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021","DOI":"10.3386\/w28753"},{"key":"2688_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"April MD, Naylor JF, and Long B, \u201cAnalysis of the effects of a Texas state-wide mask mandate (Executive Order GA-29) on case load, hospitalizations, and mortality,\u201d Southern Medical Journal, vol. 115, no. 3, p. 175, 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8865024\/pdf\/smj-115-175.pdf","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000001368"},{"issue":"6","key":"2688_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252315","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252315","volume":"16","author":"D Adjodah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adjodah D, et al. Association between COVID-19 outcomes and mask mandates, adherence, and attitudes. PloS One. 2021;16(6):e0252315.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2688_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01072","volume":"41","author":"J Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang J, et al. The effectiveness of government masking mandates on COVID-19 county-level case incidence across the United States, 2020: study examines the effectiveness of US government masking mandates during a portion of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Aff. 2022;41(3):445\u201353.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"2688_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.B. Handiso, M.S. Jifar, and S. Nuriye Hagisso, \u201cCoronavirus\u2019s (SARS-CoV-2) airborne transmission: a review,\u201d SAGE Open Medicine, vol. 10, 2022, Article ID: 20503121221094185.\u00a0[Online].\u00a0Available: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/20503121221094185","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221094185"},{"key":"2688_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomkins AA et al., \u201cMeasuring the fitted filtration efficiency of cloth masks, medical masks and respirators\u201d. PLoS One, 2025;20(4): e0301310. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/file?id=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301310&type=printable","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301310"},{"key":"2688_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang AB, Zhang X, Gao LJ, Zhang T, Xu HJ, and Bi YB, \u201cA review of filtration performance of protective masks\u201d. Int J Environ Res Publ Health, 2023;20(3): 2346, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9915213\/","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032346"},{"key":"2688_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T et al., \u201cMasks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review\u201d. Clin microbiol Rev, 2024; 37(2): e00124\u201323. [Online]. Available:\u00a0https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/cmr.00124-23?download=true","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00124-23"},{"key":"2688_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulos L et al., \u201cEffectiveness of face masks for reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a rapid systematic review\u201d. Philosoph Transact Royal Soc A, 2023;381(2257): 20230133. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10446908\/pdf\/rsta.2023.0133.pdf","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2023.0133"},{"key":"2688_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2015.04.007","volume":"53","author":"S Aghabozorgi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aghabozorgi S, Shirkhorshidi AS, Wah TY. Time-series clustering\u2013a decade review. Inf Syst. 2015;53:16\u201338.","journal-title":"Inf Syst"},{"issue":"no. 1","key":"2688_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X20909688","volume":"20","author":"M Schonlau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schonlau M, Zou RY. The random forest algorithm for statistical learning. Stata J: Promot Commun Statist Stata. 2020;20(1):3\u201329.","journal-title":"Stata J: Promot Commun Statist Stata"},{"key":"2688_CR16","unstructured":"DSHS, \u201cPublicly available Texas COVID-19 case and fatality data.\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.dshs.texas.gov\/coronavirus\/TexasCOVID19DailyCountyCaseCountData.xlsx"},{"key":"2688_CR17","unstructured":"US Census Bureau, \u201cUS Census Bureau COVID-19 site.\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/covid19.census.gov\/#anchor-3"},{"key":"2688_CR18","unstructured":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, U.S. Department of Viral Diseases, \u201cCollection and submission of postmortem specimens from deceased persons with known or suspected COVID-19.\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/88833\/cdc_88833_DS1.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2688_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ckab165. 647","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab165.647","volume":"31","author":"A Peano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peano A, Bert F, Lo Moro G, Previti C, Scaioli GR. Siliquini, \u201cCOVID-19 outbreaks in places of worship worldwide: a systematic review.\u201d Eur J Publ Health. 2021;31(3):ckab165. 647.","journal-title":"Eur J Publ Health"},{"key":"2688_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Tupper and C. Colijn, \u201cCOVID-19 in schools: mitigating classroom clusters in the context of variable transmission,\u201d PLoS computational biology, vol. 17, no. 7, p. e1009120, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/ploscompbiol\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009120&type=printable","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009120"},{"key":"2688_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vardavas C et al., \u201cTransmission of SARS-CoV-2 in educational settings in 2020: a review\u201d. BMJ Open, 2022; 12(4): e058308. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8983413\/","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058308"},{"issue":"8","key":"2688_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.46","volume":"43","author":"W Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo W, Li Y, Temkin-Greener H. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in assisted living communities: neighborhood deprivation and state social distancing policies matter. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43(8):1004\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2688_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2113411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13411","volume":"4","author":"KS Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas KS, Zhang W, Dosa DM, Carder P, Sloane P, Zimmerman S. Estimation of excess mortality rates among US assisted living residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2113411\u2013e2113411.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2688_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. R. Henriques et al., \u201cLearning from the COVID-19 outbreaks in long-term care facilities: a systematic review,\u201d BMC Geriatrics, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 618, 2023. [Online]. Available:\u00a0https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/counter\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12877-023-04319-w.pdf","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04319-w"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022114-111017","volume":"3","author":"H Sooryanarain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sooryanarain H, Elankumaran S. Environmental role in influenza virus outbreaks. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2015;3(1):347\u201373.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2036462","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.36462","volume":"4","author":"M Karmakar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karmakar M, Lantz PM, Tipirneni R. Association of social and demographic factors with COVID-19 incidence and death rates in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2036462\u2013e2036462.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2688_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. O. Folayan et al., \u201cA multi-country survey of the socio-demographic factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic,\u201d BMC Public Health, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 1413, 2023. [Online]. Available:\u00a0https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/counter\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16279-2.pdf","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16279-2"},{"key":"2688_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Rozenfeld et al., \u201cA model of disparities: risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection,\u201d International Journal for Equity in Health, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 126, 2020. [Online]. Available:\u00a0https:\/\/equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com\/counter\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-020-01242-z.pdf","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01242-z"},{"key":"2688_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Gaitens, M. Condon, E. Fernandes, and M. McDiarmid, \u201cCOVID-19 and essential workers: a narrative review of health outcomes and moral injury,\u201d International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 1446, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7913818\/.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041446"},{"key":"2688_CR30","unstructured":"US Census Bureau, \u201cCounty population totals: 2010\u20132019.\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/datasets\/time-series\/demo\/popest\/2010s-counties-total.html"},{"issue":"11","key":"2688_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.01.025","volume":"38","author":"TW Liao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liao TW. Clustering of time series data\u2014a survey. Pattern Recognit. 2005;38(11):1857\u201374.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"2688_CR32","unstructured":"RCoreTeam, \u201cR: a language and environment for statistical computing,\u201d 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"2688_CR33","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"A Liaw","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liaw A, Wiener M. Classification and regression by randomForest. R News. 2002;2(3):18\u201322.","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"2688_CR34","unstructured":"E. J. Atkinson and T. M. Therneau, \u201cAn introduction to recursive partitioning using the RPART routines,\u201d Rochester: Mayo Foundation, 2000."},{"key":"2688_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-2020-57","author":"J Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang J, Bi G, Zhan C. Multinomial and ordinal logistic regression analyses with multi-categorical variables using R. Ann Transl Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm-2020-57.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"no. 10","key":"2688_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2339443","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.39443","volume":"6","author":"S Cash-Goldwasser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cash-Goldwasser S, Reingold AL, Luby SP, Jackson LA, Frieden TR. Masks during pandemics caused by respiratory pathogens\u2014evidence and implications for action. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2339443\u2013e2339443.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2688_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Petherick et al., \u201cA worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue,\u201d Nature Human Behaviour, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1145\u20131160, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-021-01181-x.pdf.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01181-x"},{"key":"2688_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Jefferson et al., \u201cPhysical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses,\u201d Cochrane database of systematic reviews, no. 1, 2023.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006207.pub6"},{"issue":"6","key":"2688_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1015","volume":"103","author":"CT Leffler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leffler CT, Ing E, Lykins JD, Hogan MC, McKeown CA, Grzybowski A. Association of country-wide coronavirus mortality with demographics, testing, lockdowns, and public wearing of masks. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(6):2400\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2688_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. A. Cooper and H. G. Knotts, The resilience of Southern identity: why the South still matters in the minds of its people. UNC Press Books, 2017.","DOI":"10.5149\/northcarolina\/9781469631059.001.0001"},{"key":"2688_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2024.104354","volume":"104","author":"N Hart","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hart N, Anderson KF, Rifai H. \u2018Not enough\u2019: a qualitative analysis of community perceptions of neighborhood government flood management plans using the case of Houston, Texas. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2024;104:104354.","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"2688_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Nava, A. S. English, L. Fulmer, and K. Sanchez, \u201cAn action research partnership in an urban Texas county to explore barriers and opportunities for collaborative community health needs assessments,\u201d Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 11, p. 1244143, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10613110\/pdf\/fpubh-11-1244143.pdf.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1244143"},{"key":"2688_CR43","unstructured":"M. Baumgartner, \u201cThe experience of trust in public health: a Henderson County, Texas phenomenological study,\u201d The Medical College of Wisconsin, 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03718-7","volume":"11","author":"P Githinji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Githinji P, et al. Public health communication during the COVID-19 health crisis: sustainable pathways to improve health information access and reach among underserved communities. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2024;11(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2688_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.51.3-4.007","volume":"51","author":"CD Johnston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnston CD, Chen R. \u201cThe COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the southern United States.\u201d J Comp Fam Stud. 2020;51(3):314\u201323.","journal-title":"J Comp Fam Stud"},{"key":"2688_CR46","unstructured":"R. Mahbubani, \u201c\u2018The governor is a servant of the state. I am a servant of God\u2019: 3 pastors defend why they're leading the charge to reopen churches,\u201d Insider. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/pastors-leading-charge-reopen-churches-coronavirus-first-amendment-2020-5"},{"key":"2688_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. James et al., \u201cHigh COVID-19 attack rate among attendees at events at a church \u2014 Arkansas, March 2020,\u201d (in eng), Journal Article vol. 68, no. 22, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/88102.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6920e2"},{"key":"2688_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Jayroe, D. R. Aguilar, A. Porter, M. Cima, S. Chai, and K. Hayman, \u201cTransmission analysis of COVID-19 outbreaks associated with places of worship, Arkansas, May 2020\u2013December 2020,\u201d Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 650\u2013661, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9436717\/pdf\/10943_2022_Article_1653.pdf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-022-01653-y"},{"key":"2688_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Lee, H. Lim, M. S. Xavier, and E.-Y. Lee, \u201c\u2018A Divine Infection\u2019: a systematic review on the roles of religious communities during the early stage of COVID-19,\u201d Journal of religion and health, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 866\u2013919, 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8370454\/pdf\/10943_2021_Article_1364.pdf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-021-01364-w"},{"key":"2688_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Rajan et al., \u201cStrong effects of population density and social characteristics on distribution of COVID-19 infections in the United States,\u201d medRxiv, 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.08.20073239"},{"key":"2688_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Yuce, H. Stauss, and A. Persad, \u201cUse of population weighted density index for coronavirus spread in the United States,\u201d Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 1, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11259180\/.","DOI":"10.36469\/001c.117784"},{"key":"2688_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. M. McLaughlin et al., \u201cCounty-level predictors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths in the United States: what happened, and where do we go from here?,\u201d Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 73, no. 7, pp. e1814-e1821, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7717189\/.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1729"},{"key":"2688_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Gir\u00f3n-Navarro, I. Linares-Hern\u00e1ndez, and L. A. Castillo-Su\u00e1rez, \u201cThe impact of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in water: potential risks,\u201d Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 28, no. 38, pp. 52651\u201352674, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8397333\/pdf\/11356_2021_Article_16024.pdf.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16024-5"},{"issue":"7","key":"2688_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3390\/w14071124","volume":"14","author":"V-M Manoiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manoiu V-M, Kubiak-W\u00f3jcicka K, Craciun A-I, Akman \u00c7, Akman E. Water quality and water pollution in time of COVID-19: positive and negative repercussions. Water. 2022;14(7):1124.","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2688_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Mecenas, R. T. d. R. M. Bastos, A. C. R. Vallinoto, and D. Normando, \u201cEffects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: a systematic review,\u201d PLoS one, vol. 15, no. 9, p. e0238339, 2020. [Online]. Available:\u00a0https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0238339&type=printable","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238339"},{"issue":"19","key":"2688_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6548","volume":"323","author":"CW Yancy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yancy CW. COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1891\u20132.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2688_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. O. Ojinnaka, O. E. Adepoju, A. V. Burgess, and L. Woodard, \u201cFactors associated with COVID-related mortality: the case of Texas,\u201d Journal of Racial & Ethnic Health Disparities, pp. 1\u20136, 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00913-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"2688_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa070","volume":"42","author":"UV Mahajan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahajan UV, Larkins-Pettigrew M. Racial demographics and COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths: a correlational analysis of 2886 US counties. J Public Health. 2020;42(3):445\u20137.","journal-title":"J Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02688-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02688-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02688-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T02:07:41Z","timestamp":1760494061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02688-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["2688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02688-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2197-3792"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2196-8837"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved as exempt by the University Institutional Review Board (IRB).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}