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This is an observational study based on an open online database \u2013 NHANES, so our study has no direct involvement in consent to participants. The statement of consent can be assessed from the NHENASE database (\n                      \n                      , accessed 11 March 2024). As the research unit of the main authors, the Research Ethics Committee of the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University has confirmed that no ethical approval is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Data described in the article, code book, and analytic code will be made available upon request pending application and approval from ZH, FT, and JZ. The data can be accessed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey repository (\n                      \n                      ).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Sharing Statement"}},{"value":"There are no potential conflicts of interest among all authors.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}