{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T17:58:37Z","timestamp":1763056717163,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 stay-at-home order created a temporary period of reduced air pollution in San Diego County, offering a natural\u00a0experiment to assess how cleaner air affects pediatric respiratory health. Historical housing discrimination through redlining has left\u00a0lasting environmental and health inequities, particularly for non-White and low-income communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether children in socially vulnerable or historically redlined neighborhoods experienced greater reductions in\u00a0respiratory emergency department (ED) visits during the COVID-19 lockdown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective study of 101,733 pediatric ED encounters (2016\u20132020) at Rady Children\u2019s Hospital. Weekly respiratory\u00a0visits encounter rates during weeks 10\u201315 of 2020 were compared to the 2016\u20132019 baseline. ZIP code\u2013level social vulnerability\u00a0was measured using the CDC Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), and historical redlining grades from the Home Owners\u2019 Loan\u00a0Corporation (HOLC) were spatially linked to the ED data. Correlations and Welch\u2019s t-tests assessed associations between respiratory\u00a0visit changes, SVI quintiles, and HOLC grades.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory ED visits declined by 0.25\u20131.4 visits per week across ZIP codes during the lockdown, with the greatest reductions\u00a0observed in areas with high Minority Status and Language SVI scores (p 0.001). Historically redlined (HOLC grade D) neighborhoods\u00a0overlapped with high-SVI areas and showed significantly greater vulnerability (p 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cleaner air during the COVID-19 lockdown corresponded with fewer pediatric respiratory emergencies, especially in historically\u00a0marginalized neighborhoods. These findings highlight how structural inequities continue to influence respiratory health and\u00a0emphasize the need for equitable pollution-reduction policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02741-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T17:52:40Z","timestamp":1763056360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory Emergencies in Pediatrics: Associations in Redlining, Air Quality and Traffic Regulation The REPARATION Study during COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Hibbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Beucler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karyssa N.","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9857-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney","family":"Leibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168110","volume":"908","author":"AMD Navaratnam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Navaratnam AMD, Williams H, Sharp SJ, Woodcock J, Khreis H. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of COVID-19 related restrictions on air quality in low- and middle-income countries. Sci Total Environ. 2024;908:168110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168110.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2741_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19041950","volume":"19","author":"ACT Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva ACT, Branco PTBS, Sousa SIV. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(4):1950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19041950.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2741_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GH000637","author":"R Aguilera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aguilera R, Leibel S, Corringham T, et al. 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