{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:24:54Z","timestamp":1792783494743,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPQ","award":["01 06 0010.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP, 01 06 0071.00 RJ; grants of 4 - year follow - up 01 10 0643 - 03 RS, 01 10 0742 - 00 BA, 01 12 0284 - 00 ES, 01 10 0746 - 00 MG, 01 10 0773 - 00 SP, 01 11 0093 - 01 RJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01 06 0010.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP, 01 06 0071.00 RJ; grants of 4 - year follow - up 01 10 0643 - 03 RS, 01 10 0742 - 00 BA, 01 12 0284 - 00 ES, 01 10 0746 - 00 MG, 01 10 0773 - 00 SP, 01 11 0093 - 01 RJ"]}]},{"name":"CAPES - Finance Code 001","award":["88882.348983\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88882.348983\/2019-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02760-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T21:21:19Z","timestamp":1764019279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intersection of Gender-Race\/Color and Glycemic Control in Diabetes in Nine Years of Follow-up of the ELSA-Brazil Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7846-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisseila Andrea Ferreira","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Giatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7471-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidiane V.","family":"Camelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9146-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6250-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosane Harter","family":"Griep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5319-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Jesus Mendes","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria In\u00eas","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandhi Maria","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2760_CR1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. Resources, diabetes L with, Acknowledgement, FAQs, Contact, IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 | IDF Diabetes Atlas [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 28]. Available from: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/atlas\/tenth-edition\/"},{"key":"2760_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30058-2","volume":"389","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2017;389:2239\u201351.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2760_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504347","volume":"373","author":"M Tancredi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tancredi M, Rosengren A, Svensson A-M, Kosiborod M, Pivodic A, Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir S, et al. Excess mortality among persons with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1720\u201332.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2760_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa AF, Flor LS, Campos MR, Oliveira AF de, Costa M, de F dos S, et al. Carga do diabetes mellitus Tipo 2 no Brasil. Cad Saude Publica. 2017;33:e00197915.","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00197915"},{"key":"2760_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5497201700050008","volume":"20","author":"BB Duncan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duncan BB, Fran\u00e7a EB, Passos VM, de Cousin A, Ishitani E, Malta LH. The burden of diabetes and hyperglycemia in Brazil and its states: findings from the global burden of disease study 2015. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2017;20:90\u2013101.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"2760_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.010401","volume":"10","author":"PA Bracco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bracco PA, Gregg EW, Rolka DB, Schmidt MI, Barreto SM, Lotufo PA, et al. A nationwide analysis of the excess death attributable to diabetes in Brazil. J Glob Health. 2020;10:010401.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2760_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2138438","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38438","volume":"4","author":"SS Kurani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurani SS, Lampman MA, Funni SA, Giblon RE, Inselman JW, Shah ND, et al. Association between area-level socioeconomic deprivation and diabetes care quality in US primary care practices. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2138438.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2760_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators","year":"2023","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402:203\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2760_CR9","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47:S20\u201342."},{"key":"2760_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","volume":"329","author":"DM Nathan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, Crofford O, et al. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977\u201386.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2760_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2404-1","volume":"55","author":"S Zoungas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Ninomiya T, Li Q, Cooper ME, Colagiuri S, et al. Association of HbA1c levels with vascular complications and death in patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence of glycemic thresholds. Diabetologia. 2012;55:636\u201343.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2760_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-023-00160-7","volume":"10","author":"JZ Louie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Louie JZ, Shiffman D, Rowland CM, Kenyon NS, Bernal-Mizrachi E, McPhaul MJ, et al. Predictors of lack of glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;10:2.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2760_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0335-8","volume":"5","author":"JR Canedo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Canedo JR, Miller ST, Schlundt D, Fadden MK, Sanderson M. Racial\/ethnic disparities in diabetes quality of care: the role of healthcare access and socioeconomic status. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018;5:7\u201314.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"2760_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000255","volume":"53","author":"N Laiteerapong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laiteerapong N, Fairchild PC, Chou C-H, Chin MH, Huang ES. Revisiting disparities in quality of care among US adults with diabetes in the era of individualized care, NHANES 2007\u20132010. Med Care. 2015;53:25\u201331.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2760_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/30502071241264885","author":"K Seshadri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seshadri K, Parikh R. RSSDI research retreat 2024. International Journal of Clinical Metabolism and Diabetes. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/30502071241264885.","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Metabolism and Diabetes"},{"key":"2760_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05078-3","volume":"63","author":"P Aschner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aschner P, Gagliardino JJ, Ilkova H, Lavalle F, Ramachandran A, Mbanya JC, et al. Persistent poor glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes in developing countries: 12 years of real-world evidence of the International Diabetes Management Practices Study (IDMPS). Diabetologia. 2020;63:711\u201321.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2760_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4248-6","volume":"12","author":"GT Demoz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demoz GT, Gebremariam A, Yifter H, Alebachew M, Niriayo YL, Gebreslassie G, et al. Predictors of poor glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes on follow-up care at a tertiary healthcare setting in Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:207.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2760_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte FG, Moreira S, da Almeida S, da Teles M, de Andrade CA, de Reingold C. AL, Sex differences and correlates of poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in Brazil and Venezuela. 2019 [cited 2023 Jan 30]; Available from: https:\/\/www.arca.fiocruz.br\/handle\/icict\/34626","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023401"},{"key":"2760_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1137","volume":"37","author":"A Kautzky-Willer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev. 2016;37:278\u2013316.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2760_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00961-3","volume":"15","author":"BC Chwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chwal BC, dos Reis RCP, Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Barreto SM, Griep RH. Levels and correlates of risk factor control in diabetes mellitus \u2013ELSA-Brasil. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15:4.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2760_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980966","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.980966","volume":"10","author":"X-Y Xing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xing X-Y, Wang X-Y, Fang X, Xu J-Q, Chen Y-J, Xu W, et al. Glycemic control and its influencing factors in type 2 diabetes patients in Anhui, China. Front Public Health. 2022;10:980966.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2760_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13866","volume":"22","author":"K Khunti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khunti K, Chen H, Cid-Ruzafa J, Fenici P, Gomes MB, Hammar N, et al. Glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes initiating second\u2010line therapy: results from the global DISCOVER study programme. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:66\u201378.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2760_CR23","volume":"29","author":"HABde Moraes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moraes HABde, Mengue SS, Molina MdelCB, Cade NV. Fatores associados ao controle glic\u00eamico em amostra de indiv\u00edduos com diabetes mellitus do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa\u00fade do Adulto, Brasil, 2008 a 2010. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2020;29:e2018500.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"2760_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2710","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002710","volume":"8","author":"KM Rahman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahman KM, Olsen A, Harley D, Butler CD, Mondal D, Luby SP, et al. Kala-azar in pregnancy in Mymensingh, Bangladesh: a social autopsy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2710.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2760_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin J-Y. Trends in the prevalence and management of diabetes in Korea: 2007\u20132017 - PMC [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Apr 29]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6702122\/","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2019029"},{"key":"2760_CR26","unstructured":"Kayar Y, Ilhan A, Kayar NB, Unver N, Coban G, Ekinci I et al. Relationship between the poor glycemic control and risk factors, life style and complications.\u00a0Biomed. Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 30];28. Available from: https:\/\/www.alliedacademies.org\/abstract\/relationship-between-the-poor-glycemic-control-and-risk-factors-life-style-and-complications-6572.html"},{"key":"2760_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/ojim.2021.111001","volume":"11","author":"S Traor\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Traor\u00e9 S, Guira O, Zoungrana L, Sagna Y, Bognounou R, Par\u00e9 CB, et al. Factors associated with prolonged poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients followed in the department of internal medicine at the Yalgado Ouedraogo Teaching Hospital, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Open Journal of Internal Medicine. 2021;11:1\u201326.","journal-title":"Open Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2760_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013192412267","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319241226766","volume":"15","author":"B Alosi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alosi B, Curtis DS. Racial and ethnic disparities in blood pressure and glycemic control in the US community health center patient population. J Prim Care Community Health. 2024;15:21501319241226766.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"2760_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0507","volume":"45","author":"FS Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik FS, Sauder KA, Isom S, Reboussin BA, Dabelea D, Lawrence JM, et al. Trends in glycemic control among youth and young adults with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:285\u201394.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2760_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP99","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988315585590","volume":"10","author":"JA Vaccaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vaccaro JA, Anderson K, Huffman FG. Diabetes self-management behaviors, medical care, glycemic control, and self-rated health in U.S. men by race\/ethnicity. Am J Mens Health. 2016;10:NP99\u2013108.","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"key":"2760_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang SD, Wroblewski KE, Iveniuk J, Schumm LP, Hawkley LC, McClintock MK, et al. Prediabetes progression and reversion: social factors and racial\/ethnic differences. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02046-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-02046-5"},{"key":"2760_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00830-7","volume":"8","author":"CR Senteio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Senteio CR, Akincigil A. Illuminating racial inequity in diabetes control: differences based on gender and geography. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021;8:704\u201311.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"2760_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae116","volume":"8","author":"L Nair","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nair L, Asuzu P, Dagogo-Jack S. Ethnic disparities in the risk factors, morbidity, and mortality of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes. J Endocr Soc. 2024;8:bvae116.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"2760_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.01.008","volume":"351","author":"RJ Walker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walker RJ, Williams JS, Egede LE. Impact of race\/ethnicity and social determinants of health on diabetes outcomes. Am J Med Sci. 2016;351:366\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2760_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014564","volume":"64","author":"ER Cole","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cole ER. Intersectionality and research in psychology. Am Psychol. 2009;64:170\u201380.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2760_CR36","first-page":"139","volume":"1989","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"1989","unstructured":"Crenshaw K. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. U Chi Legal F. 1989;1989:139.","journal-title":"U Chi Legal F"},{"key":"2760_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-019-00057-w","volume":"43","author":"JB Naqvi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naqvi JB, Helgeson VS, Gary-Webb TL, Korytkowski MT, Seltman HJ. Sex, race, and the role of relationships in diabetes health: intersectionality matters. J Behav Med. 2020;43:69\u201379.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"2760_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.02.034","volume":"72","author":"DF Warner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Warner DF, Brown TH. Understanding how race\/ethnicity and gender define age-trajectories of disability: an intersectionality approach. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72:1236\u201348.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2760_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.27.4.371","volume":"27","author":"T Gagn\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gagn\u00e9 T, Veenstra G. Inequalities in hypertension and diabetes in Canada: intersections between racial identity, gender, and income. Ethn Dis. 2017;27:371\u20138.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"2760_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00235","volume":"5","author":"S Assari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Assari S, Lee DB, Nicklett EJ, Moghani Lankarani M, Piette JD, Aikens JE. Racial discrimination in health care is associated with worse glycemic control among black men but not black women with type 2 diabetes. Front Public Health. 2017;5:235.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2760_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krieger N. Ecosocial Theory of Disease Distribution: Embodying Societal & Ecologic Context. In: Krieger N, editor. Epidemiology and the People\u2019s Health: Theory and Context [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 2011 [cited 2025 Jan 27]. p. 0. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195383874.003.0007","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195383874.003.0007"},{"key":"2760_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr294","volume":"175","author":"EML Aquino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aquino EML, Barreto SM, Bensenor IM, Carvalho MS, Chor D, Duncan BB, et al. Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil): objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175:315\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2760_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu027","volume":"44","author":"MI Schmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Mill JG, Lotufo PA, Chor D, Barreto SM, et al. Cohort profile: longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil). Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44:68\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2760_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-019-1450-4","volume":"131","author":"J Harreiter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harreiter J, Roden M. [Diabetes mellitus-Definition, classification, diagnosis, screening and prevention (Update 2019)]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2019;131:6\u201315.","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2760_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2017.1299684","volume":"54","author":"S Yazdanpanah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yazdanpanah S, Rabiee M, Tahriri M, Abdolrahim M, Rajab A, Jazayeri HE, et al. Evaluation of glycated albumin (GA) and GA\/HbA1c ratio for diagnosis of diabetes and glycemic control: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2017;54:219\u201332.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2760_CR46","unstructured":"WHO. Diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes (HEARTS-D). Geneva]: World Health Organization, WHO\/UCN\/NCD\/20.1. 2020 (). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 July 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/who-ucn-ncd-20.1"},{"key":"2760_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1981","volume":"41","author":"SA Berkowitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berkowitz SA, Karter AJ, Corbie-Smith G, Seligman HK, Ackroyd SA, Barnard LS, et al. Food insecurity, food \u201cdeserts,\u201d and glycemic control in patients with diabetes: a longitudinal analysis. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1188\u201395.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2760_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1586","volume":"43","author":"RJ Walker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walker RJ, Garacci E, Palatnik A, Ozieh MN, Egede LE. The longitudinal influence of social determinants of health on glycemic control in elderly adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:759\u201366.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2760_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005898","volume":"9","author":"M Hagstr\u00f6mer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hagstr\u00f6mer M, Oja P, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M. The international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9:755\u201362.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2760_CR50","unstructured":"WHO. International guide for monitoring alcohol consumption and related harm [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2000. Report No.: WHO\/MSD\/MSB\/00.4. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/66529"},{"key":"2760_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022080890","volume":"33","author":"DC Crews","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crews DC, Patzer RE, Cervantes L, Knight R, Purnell TS, Powe NR, et al. Designing interventions addressing structural racism to reduce kidney health disparities: a report from a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases workshop. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;33:2141\u201352.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2760_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X688381","volume":"67","author":"R Fleetcroft","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fleetcroft R, Asaria M, Ali S, Cookson R. Outcomes and inequalities in diabetes from 2004\/2005 to 2011\/2012: English longitudinal study. Br J Gen Pract. 2017;67:e1\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2760_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx119","volume":"28","author":"E Nosrati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nosrati E, Jenum AK, Tran AT, Marmot SM, Peter King L. Ethnicity and place: the geography of diabetes inequalities under a strong welfare state. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28:30\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2760_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002942","volume":"16","author":"MB Whyte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whyte MB, Hinton W, McGovern A, van Vlymen J, Ferreira F, Calderara S, et al. Disparities in glycemic control, monitoring, and treatment of type 2 diabetes in England: a retrospective cohort analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002942.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2760_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2022.2108377","volume":"28","author":"EKP da Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"da Silva EKP, Barreto SM, Brant LCC, Camelo LV, de Ara\u00fajo EM, Griep RH, et al. Gender, race\/skin colour and incidence of hypertension in ELSA-Brasil: an intersectional approach. Ethn Health. 2023;28:469\u201387.","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"2760_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2016.1263273","volume":"57","author":"M Mutambudzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mutambudzi M. Association between workplace psychosocial factors and mental health in Black, Hispanic, and white women: cross-sectional findings from the National health interview survey. Women Health. 2017;57:1129\u201344.","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"2760_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2020.0070","volume":"31","author":"ON Okoro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okoro ON, Cernasev A, Hillman LA, Kamau NM. Access to health care for low-income African American women: lived experiences and expectations. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2020;31:939\u201357.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2760_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2021.102593","volume":"99","author":"NC Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith NC. Black-White disparities in women\u2019s physical health: the role of socioeconomic status and racism-related stressors. Soc Sci Res. 2021;99:102593.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"2760_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab189","volume":"190","author":"SA Gaston","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaston SA, Atere-Roberts J, Ward J, Slopen NB, Forde AT, Sandler DP, et al. Experiences with everyday and major forms of racial\/ethnic discrimination and type 2 diabetes risk among white, Black, and Hispanic\/Latina women: findings from the Sister Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190:2552\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2760_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210665","volume":"72","author":"LV Camelo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Camelo LV, Giatti L, Ladeira RM, Griep RH, Mill JG, Chor D, et al. Racial disparities in renal function: the role of racial discrimination. The Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018;72:1027\u201332.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2760_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105315571776","volume":"21","author":"A Bermudez-Millan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bermudez-Millan A, Schumann KP, Feinn R, Tennen H, Wagner J. Behavioral reactivity to acute stress among black and white women with type 2 diabetes: the roles of income and racial discrimination. J Health Psychol. 2016;21:2085\u201397.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2760_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13326","volume":"55","author":"W Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee W, Lloyd JT, Giuriceo K, Day T, Shrank W, Rajkumar R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of patient race\/ethnicity, socioeconomics, and quality for adult type 2 diabetes. Health Serv Res. 2020;55:741\u201372.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2760_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2015.12.012","volume":"57","author":"HS Versey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Versey HS, Curtin N. The differential impact of discrimination on health among black and white women. Soc Sci Res. 2016;57:99\u2013115.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"2760_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lieberman AG, Stock ML, AuBuchon KE, Beekman JB, Lambert SF. Intersectional discrimination from black women, white women, black men, or white men impacts young adult black women\u2019s affective states and risky health cognitions. Psychol Health. 2021;(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08870446.2021.1941962.","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2021.1941962"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2760_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13217","volume":"54","author":"GK SteelFisher","year":"2019","unstructured":"SteelFisher GK, Findling MG, Bleich SN, Casey LS, Blendon RJ, Benson JM, et al. Gender discrimination in the United States: experiences of women. Health Serv Res. 2019;54(Suppl 2):1442\u201353.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2760_CR66","unstructured":"Cobo B, Cruz C, Dick PC. Gender and racial inequalities in the access and the use of health services in Brazil - Articles - Revista Ci\u00eancia & Sa\u00fade Coletiva [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 May 5]. Available from: http:\/\/www.cienciaesaudecoletiva.com.br\/en\/articles\/gender-and-racial-inequalities-in-the-access-and-the-use-of-health-services-in-brazil\/18058?id=18058"},{"key":"2760_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.07.008","volume":"199","author":"VK Hogan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hogan VK, de Araujo EM, Caldwell KL, Gonzalez-Nahm SN, Black KZ. We black women have to kill a lion everyday\u201d: an intersectional analysis of racism and social determinants of health in Brazil. Soc Sci Med. 2018;199:96\u2013105.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2760_CR68","first-page":"285","volume":"7","author":"MEA Sousa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sousa MEA, Tavares MdeFL, Rocha RM. Diversidade e equidade nas pol\u00edticas para mulheres. Revista Interdisciplinar de Direitos Humanos. 2019;7:285\u2013315.","journal-title":"Revista Interdisciplinar de Direitos Humanos"},{"key":"2760_CR69","unstructured":"Camargo M. Mulheres chefiam 50,8% dos lares, mas ganham menos e sofrem mais com desemprego [Internet]. CUT - Central \u00danica dos Trabalhadores. 2023 [cited 2023 Mar 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cut.org.br\/noticias\/mulheres-chefiam-50-8-dos-lares-mas-ganham-menos-e-sofrem-mais-com-desemprego-7bd4"},{"key":"2760_CR70","unstructured":"Azevedo LS. An\u00e1lise da din\u00e2mica do perfil da popula\u00e7\u00e3o em situa\u00e7\u00e3o de extrema pobreza no Brasil entre 2012 e 2019. 2021 [cited 2022 May 11]; Available from: http:\/\/repositorio.uft.edu.br\/handle\/11612\/3814"},{"key":"2760_CR71","unstructured":"Barbosa JNA. A mulher e a desigualdade de g\u00eanero: uma an\u00e1lise da pobreza e da concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de renda no Brasil e no Nordeste para os anos de 2009 e 2013. [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 May 11]. Available from: https:\/\/repositorio.ufpe.br\/handle\/123456789\/41715"},{"key":"2760_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5040083","author":"S Assari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Assari S, Moghani Lankarani M, Piette JD, Aikens JE. Socioeconomic status and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes; race by gender differences. Healthcare (Basel). 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare5040083.","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"2760_CR73","unstructured":"Blanco JA, Hern\u00e1ndez SV, Botas P, Rodr\u00edguez-Rodero S, S\u00e1nchez PM, Naya LD et al. Diferencias de g\u00e9nero en la mortalidad de personas con diabetes tipo 2: Estudio Asturias 2018 [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 2]. Available from: http:\/\/www.gacetasanitaria.org\/es-linkresolver-diferencias-genero-mortalidad-personas-con-S0213911119300883"},{"key":"2760_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dmn R, Ad P, Cw N, None BS, Cp S. A. Gender differences in the blood glucose type 2 diabetes patients with combination rapid and long acting insulin therapy.J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol.\u00a0[Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Mar 2];32. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34214351\/","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2020-0463"},{"key":"2760_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000807","volume":"55","author":"RG McCoy","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCoy RG, Ngufor C, Van Houten HK, Caffo B, Shah ND. Trajectories of glycemic change in a national cohort of adults with previously controlled type 2 diabetes. Med Care. 2017;55:956\u201364.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2760_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030950","volume":"17","author":"BL Smalls","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smalls BL, Ritchwood TD, Bishu KG, Egede LE. Racial\/ethnic differences in glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes: united States 2003\u20132014. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:950.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2760_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007375","volume":"5","author":"SD Goonesekera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goonesekera SD, Yang MH, Hall SA, Fang SC, Piccolo RS, McKinlay JB. Racial ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes treatment patterns and glycemic control in the Boston Area Community Health Survey. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e007375.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2760_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.31.1.149","volume":"31","author":"AGM Brown","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brown AGM, Kressin N, Terrin N, Hanchate A, Suzukida J, Kher S, et al. The influence of health insurance stability on racial\/ethnic differences in diabetes control and management. Ethn Dis. 2021;31:149\u201358.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"2760_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4557-4","volume":"19","author":"AT Tran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tran AT, Berg TJ, Gjelsvik B, Mdala I, Thue G, Cooper JG, et al. Ethnic and gender differences in the management of type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from Norwegian general practice. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:904.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2760_CR80","volume":"18","author":"AR Dixon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dixon AR, Adams LB, Ma T. Perceived healthcare discrimination and well-being among older adults in the United States and Brazil. SSM. 2022;18:101113.","journal-title":"SSM"},{"key":"2760_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza EMD. The construction of race in brazil: uncovering structural inequalities. Proceedings. 2018;2018:10077.","DOI":"10.5465\/AMBPP.2018.10077abstract"},{"key":"2760_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039","volume":"43","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"1991","unstructured":"Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Rev. 1991;43:1241.","journal-title":"Stanford Law Rev"},{"key":"2760_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-129020162610","volume":"25","author":"J Werneck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Werneck J. Racismo institucional e sa\u00fade Da popula\u00e7\u00e3o Negra. Saude Soc. 2016;25:535\u201349.","journal-title":"Saude Soc"},{"key":"2760_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2017.1315372","volume":"24","author":"YJ Taylor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taylor YJ, Spencer MD, Mahabaleshwarkar R, Ludden T. Racial\/ethnic differences in healthcare use among patients with uncontrolled and controlled diabetes. Ethn Health. 2019;24:245\u201356.","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"2760_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.024","volume":"52","author":"I Stepanikova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stepanikova I, Oates GR. Perceived discrimination and privilege in health care: the role of socioeconomic status and race. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52:S86\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2760_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00224220","volume":"37","author":"GAF Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia GAF, SIlva EKPda, Giatti L, Barreto SM. The intersection race and gender, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: cross sectional analysis of the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013. Cad Saude Publica. 2021;37:e00224220.","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"2760_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000406","volume":"79","author":"T Lucas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lucas T, Wegner R, Pierce J, Lumley MA, Laurent HK, Granger DA. Perceived discrimination, racial identity, and multisystem stress response to social evaluative threat among African American men and women. Psychosom Med. 2017;79:293\u2013305.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02760-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02760-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02760-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T10:02:58Z","timestamp":1764064978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02760-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["2760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02760-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) complies with Resolution 466\/12 and related complementary resolutions of the Brazilian National Health Council (CNS), including Resolution No. 346\/05, which regulates the review of multicenter research projects by Research Ethics Committees, and Resolution No. 347\/05, which addresses the storage of human biological material in research projects. The study was approved by the National Research Ethics Commission (Comiss\u00e3o Nacional de \u00c9tica em Pesquisa - \u2013\u2013CONEP) under approval letter No. 976\/2006, as well as by the Research Ethics Committees of the six participating institutions. All participants provided written informed consent at each of the three study visits.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"EthicsApproval andConsent toParticipate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}