{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:06:31Z","timestamp":1776175591776,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-026-02958-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T13:25:09Z","timestamp":1776173109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury Surgery: Investigating Racial Disparities"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3084-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Buccilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled M.","family":"Taghlabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Moiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samad","family":"Ganni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir H.","family":"Faraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2958_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_774_2023","volume":"15","author":"B Buccilli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buccilli B, Alan A, Aljeradat BG, Shahzad A, Almealawy YF, Chisvo NS, Ennabe M, Weinand M. Neuroprotection: Surgical approaches in traumatic brain injury. Surg Neurol Int. 2024;15:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/SNI_774_2023.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"2958_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_776_2023","volume":"15","author":"B Buccilli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buccilli B, Alan A, Baha\u2019 A, Shahzad A, Almealawy Y, Chisvo NS, Ennabe M, Weinand M. The importance of behavioral interventions in traumatic brain injury. Surg Neurol Int. 2024;15:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/SNI_776_2023.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"2958_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_773_2023","volume":"15","author":"B Buccilli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buccilli B, Alan A, Baha\u2019 A, Shahzad A, Almealawy Y, Chisvo NS, Ennabe M, Weinand M. Neuroprotection strategies in traumatic brain injury: Studying the effectiveness of different clinical approaches. Surg Neurol Int. 2024;15:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/SNI_773_2023.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"2958_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-024-02611-x","volume":"50","author":"VS Panossian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panossian VS, Lagazzi E, Rafaqat W, Abiad M, Nzenwa IC, Arnold S, Hoekman AH, Ghaddar KA, DeWane MP, Velmahos GC, Kaafarani HMA, Hwabejire JO. Outcomes of severe isolated blunt chest trauma in young and geriatric patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024;50:2471\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-024-02611-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"2958_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-018-1029-1","volume":"45","author":"BR Schmidt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmidt BR, Moos RM, K\u00f6n\u00fc-Leblebicioglu D, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Simmen H-P, Pape H-C, Neuhaus V. Higher age is a major driver of in-hospital adverse events independent of comorbid diseases among patients with isolated mild traumatic brain injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2019;45:191\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-018-1029-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"key":"2958_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605215","volume":"375","author":"PJ Hutchinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hutchinson PJ, Kolias AG, Timofeev IS, Corteen EA, Czosnyka M, Timothy J, Anderson I, Bulters DO, Belli A, Eynon CA, Wadley J, Mendelow AD, Mitchell PM, Wilson MH, Critchley G, Sahuquillo J, Unterberg A, Servadei F, Teasdale GM, Pickard JD, Menon DK, Murray GD, Kirkpatrick PJ. Trial of Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1119\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1605215.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2958_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R.J.G. Vreeburg, R.D. Singh, I.A.M. van Erp, T.K. Korhonen, J.K. Yue, H. Mee, I.Timofeev, A. Kolias, A. Helmy, B. Depreitere, W.A. Moojen, A. Younsi, P. Hutchinson,G.T. Manley, E.W. Steyerberg, G.C.W. de Ruiter, A.I.R. Maas, W.C. Peul, J.T.J.M. van Dijck, H.F. den Boogert, J.P. Posti, T.A. van Essen, __, C. \u00c5kerlund, K. Amrein, N.Andelic, L. Andreassen, A. Anke, A. Antoni, G. Audibert, P. Azouvi, M.L. Azzolini,R. Bartels, P. Barz\u00f3, R. Beauvais, R. Beer, B.-M. Bellander, A. Belli, H. Benali,M. Berardino, L. Beretta, M. Blaabjerg, P. Bragge, A. Brazinova, V. Brinck, J. Brooker,C. Brorsson, A. Buki, M. Bullinger, M. Cabeleira, A. Caccioppola, E. Calappi, M.R.Calvi, P. Cameron, G.C. Lozano, M. Carbonara, S. Cavallo, G. Chevallard, A. Chieregato,G. Citerio, H. Clusmann, M. Coburn, J. Coles, J.D. Cooper, M. Correia, A. \u010covi\u0107, N.Curry, E. Czeiter, M. Czosnyka, C. Dahyot-Fizelier, P. Dark, H. Dawes, V. De Keyser,V. Degos, F. Della Corte, H. den Boogert, B. Depreitere, \u0110. \u0110ilvesi, A. Dixit, E.Donoghue, J. Dreier, G.-L. Duli\u00e8re, A. Ercole, P. Esser, E. Ezer, M. Fabricius, V.L.Feigin, K. Foks, S. Frisvold, A. Furmanov, P. Gagliardo, D. Galanaud, D. Gantner,G. Gao, P. George, A. Ghuysen, L. Giga, B. Glocker, J. Golubovic, P.A. Gomez, J. Gratz,B. Gravesteijn, F. Grossi, R.L. Gruen, D. Gupta, J.A. Haagsma, I. Haitsma, R. Helbok,E. Helseth, L. Horton, J. Huijben, P.J. Hutchinson, B. Jacobs, S. Jankowski, M. Jarrett,J. Jiang, F. Johnson, K. Jones, M. Karan, A.G. Kolias, E. Kompanje, D. Kondziella,E. Kornaropoulos, L.-O. Koskinen, N. Kov\u00e1cs, A. Kowark, A. Lagares, L. Lanyon, S.Laureys, F. Lecky, D. Ledoux, R. Lefering, V. Legrand, A. Lejeune, L. Levi, R. Lightfoot,H. Lingsma, A.I.R. Maas, A.M. Casta\u00f1o-Le\u00f3n, M. Maegele, M. Majdan, A. Manara, G. Manley,C. Martino, H. Mar\u00e9chal, J. Mattern, C. McMahon, B. Melegh, D. Menon, T. Menovsky,A. Mikolic, B. Misset, V. Muraleedharan, L. Murray, A. Negru, D. Nelson, V. Newcombe,D. Nieboer, J. Nyir\u00e1di, O. Olubukola, M. Oresic, F. Ortolano, A. Palotie, P.M. Parizel,J.-F. Payen, N. Perera, V. Perlbarg, P. Persona, W. Peul, A. Piippo-Karjalainen, M.Pirinen, D. Pisica, H. Ples, S. Polinder, I. Pomposo, J.P. Posti, L. Puybasset, A.Radoi, A. Ragauskas, R. Raj, M. Rambadagalla, I.R. Helmrich, J. Rhodes, S. Richardson,S. Richter, S. Ripatti, S. Rocka, C. Roe, O. Roise, J. Rosand, J. V. Rosenfeld, C.Rosenlund, G. Rosenthal, R. Rossaint, S. Rossi, D. Rueckert, M. Rusn\u00e1k, J. Sahuquillo,O. Sakowitz, R. Sanchez-Porras, J. Sandor, N. Sch\u00e4fer, S. Schmidt, H. Schoechl, G.Schoonman, R.F. Schou, E. Schwendenwein, C. Sewalt, R.D. Singh, T. Skandsen, P. Smielewski,E. Stamatakis, S. Stanworth, R. Stevens, W. Stewart, E.W. Steyerberg, N. Stocchetti,N. Sundstr\u00f6m, R. Takala, V. Tam\u00e1s, T. Tamosuitis, M.S. Taylor, A. Thibaut, B. Te Ao,O. Tenovuo, A. Theadom, M. Thomas, D. Tibboel, M. Timmers, C. Tolias, T. Trapani,C.M. Tudora, A. Unterberg, P. Vajkoczy, S. Vallance, E. Valeinis, Z. V\u00e1mos, M. van der Jagt, G. Van der Steen, J. van der Naalt, J.T.J.M. van Dijck, I.A.M. van Erp,T.A. van Essen, W. Van Hecke, C. van Heugten, D. Van Praag, E. van Veen, T. Van de Vyvere, R.P.J. van Wijk, A. Vargiolu, E. Vega, K. Velt, J. Verheyden, P.M. Vespa,A. Vik, R. Vilcinis, V. Volovici, N. von Steinb\u00fcchel, D. Voormolen, P. Vulekovic,K.K.W. Wang, D. Whitehouse, E. Wiegers, G. Williams, L. Wilson, S. Winzeck, S. Wolf,Z. Yang, P. Yl\u00e9n, A. Younsi, F.A. Zeiler, V. Zelinkova, A. Ziverte, T. Zoerle, Early versus delayed cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury:a multicenter observational study within CENTER-TBI and Net-QuRe, J. Neurosurg. 141(2024) 895\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.1.JNS232172.","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.JNS232172."},{"key":"2958_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azin A, Hirpara DH, Doshi S, Chesney TR, Quereshy FA, Chadi SA. Racial Disparities in Surgery, Annals of Surgery Open 1 (2020) e023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AS9.0000000000000023","DOI":"10.1097\/AS9.0000000000000023"},{"key":"2958_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.08.112","volume":"155","author":"G Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas G, Almeida ND, Mast G, Quigley R, Almeida NC, Amdur RL, Moss A, Mahfuz A, Sherman JH. Racial Disparities Affecting Postoperative Outcomes After Brain Tumor Resection. World Neurosurg. 2021;155:e665\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.08.112.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2958_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.10.121","volume":"158","author":"T Cardinal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cardinal T, Bonney PA, Strickland BA, Lechtholz-Zey E, Mendoza J, Pangal DJ, Liu J, Attenello F, Mack W, Giannotta S, Zada G. Disparities in the Surgical Treatment of Adult Spine Diseases: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg. 2022;158:290\u2013e3041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.10.121.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2958_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.12.SPINE23700","volume":"40","author":"AJ Borja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borja AJ, Gallagher RS, Karsalia R, Chauhan D, Malhotra EG, Punchak MA, Na J, McClintock SD, Schuster JM, Malhotra NR. Racial disparities in short-term spinal fusion outcomes across 4263 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2024;40:717\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.12.SPINE23700.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2958_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181d7ba2f","volume":"103","author":"TU Nguyen-Oghalai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nguyen-Oghalai TU, Kuo Y-F, Wu H, Shokar NK, Grecula M, Tincher S, Ottenbacher KJ. The impact of race\/ethnicity on preoperative time to hip stabilization procedure after hip fracture. South Med J. 2010;103:414\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181d7ba2f.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2958_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.11.003","volume":"272","author":"R Shenoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shenoy R, Kirkland P, Maggard-Gibbons M, Russell MM. Symptomatic Cholelithiasis: Do Minority Patients Experience Delays to Surgery? J Surg Res. 2022;272:88\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2021.11.003.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2958_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2322743","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.22743","volume":"6","author":"H Joo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joo H, Fern\u00e1ndez A, Wick EC, Moreno Lepe G, Manuel SP. Association of Language Barriers With Perioperative and Surgical Outcomes, JAMA Netw. Open. 2023;6:e2322743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.22743.","journal-title":"Open"},{"key":"2958_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000326","volume":"259","author":"TC Tsai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsai TC, Orav EJ, Joynt KE. Disparities in Surgical 30-Day Readmission Rates for Medicare Beneficiaries by Race and Site of Care. Ann Surg. 2014;259:1086\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000326.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2958_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.5.JNS152135","volume":"127","author":"RP Menger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Menger RP, Thakur JD, Jain G, Nanda A. Impact of insurance precertification on neurosurgery practice and health care delivery. J Neurosurg. 2017;127:332\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.5.JNS152135.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2958_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002855","author":"JK Yue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yue JK, Ramesh R, Krishnan N, Chyall L, Halabi C, Huang MC, Manley GT, Tarapore PE, DiGiorgio AM. Medicaid Insurance is a Predictor of Prolonged Hospital Length of Stay After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Stratified National Trauma Data Bank Cohort Analysis of 552 949 Patients. Neurosurgery. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/neu.0000000000002855.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2958_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000001079","volume":"29","author":"JA Blank","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blank JA, Armstrong-Hough M, Valley TS. Disparities among patients with respiratory failure. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2023;29:493\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCC.0000000000001079.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2958_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2023.127","volume":"24","author":"M Welter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Welter M, Grosh K, Jose J, Khalil S, Muharraq A, Elian A, Munene G, Sawyer R, Shebrain S. Are There Racial Differences in the Rate of Surgical Site Infection Based on Surgical Subspecialty? Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2023;24:860\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/sur.2023.127.","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2958_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01584-8","volume":"11","author":"J Johnson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnson J, Johnson AR, Andersen CA, Kelso MR, Oropallo AR, Serena TE. Skin Pigmentation Impacts the Clinical Diagnosis of Wound Infection: Imaging of Bacterial Burden to Overcome Diagnostic Limitations. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024;11:1045\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-023-01584-8.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"2958_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01568-8","volume":"11","author":"C Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma C, Rajewski M, Bao S. Home Health Care to Asian Americans: a Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024;11:865\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-023-01568-8.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"2958_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.062224","volume":"96","author":"J Angelelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Angelelli J, Grabowski DC, Mor V. Effect of Educational Level and Minority Status on Nursing Home Choice After Hospital Discharge. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1249\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2005.062224.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2958_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13731","volume":"56","author":"DJ Meyers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyers DJ, Lake D, Resnik L, Varma H, Teno JM, Gozalo P. Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in <\u2009scp>Post-Acute Care Discharge Patterns, Health Serv. Res. 2021;56:14\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.13731.","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"2958_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12419","volume":"61","author":"JM Brooks Carthon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brooks Carthon JM, Jarr\u00edn O, Sloane D, Kutney-Lee A. Variations in Postoperative Complications According to Race, Ethnicity, and Sex in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:1499\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.12419.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2958_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e021","DOI":"10.1097\/ONO.0000000000000021","volume":"2","author":"DJ Totten","year":"2022","unstructured":"Totten DJ, Schueth E, Saltagi MZ, Rabbani C, Harris AH, Tressman D, Hohmann SF, Nelson RF. Trends in Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repairs in the United States, 2009\u20132018. Otology Neurotology Open. 2022;2:e021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ONO.0000000000000021.","journal-title":"Otology Neurotology Open"},{"key":"2958_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.11.002","volume":"40","author":"RB Schonberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schonberger RB, Dai F, Brandt C, Burg MM. The effect of race on postsurgical ambulatory medical follow-up among United States Veterans. J Clin Anesth. 2017;40:55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.11.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2958_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e223856","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.3856","volume":"3","author":"C Caraballo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caraballo C, Ndumele CD, Roy B, Lu Y, Riley C, Herrin J, Krumholz HM. Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Barriers to Timely Medical Care Among Adults in the US, 1999 to 2018. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3:e223856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2022.3856.","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"2958_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12080846","volume":"12","author":"CM Hackl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hackl CM, Lee W-C, Sallam HS, Jneid H, Campbell KM, Serag H. Racial Disparities in Selected Complications and Comorbidities among People with Type 2 Diabetes. Healthcare. 2024;12:846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12080846.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2958_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2022.05.004","volume":"114","author":"EM Umeukeje","year":"2022","unstructured":"Umeukeje EM, Washington JT, Nicholas SB. Etiopathogenesis of kidney disease in minority populations and an updated special focus on treatment in diabetes and hypertension. J Natl Med Assoc. 2022;114:S3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2022.05.004.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2958_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.07.036","volume":"52","author":"J Daw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daw J. Contribution of Four Comorbid Conditions to Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in Mortality Risk. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52:S95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.07.036.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2958_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190431","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd17.190431","volume":"17","author":"KR Ellis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellis KR, Hecht HK, Young TL, Oh S, Thomas S, Hoggard LS, Ali Z, Olawale R, Carthron D, Corbie-Smith G, Eng E. Chronic Disease Among African American Families: A Systematic Scoping Review. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020;17:190431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd17.190431.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2958_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107670","volume":"175","author":"Y Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang Y, Kang S, Gibson D, Rodriguez AM, Prochaska J, Kaul S. Disparities in utilization of preventive health services among Asian young adults in the United States, Prev. Med (Baltim). 2023;175:107670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107670.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"2958_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6623a1","volume":"66","author":"CV James","year":"2017","unstructured":"James CV, Moonesinghe R, Wilson-Frederick SM, Hall JE, Penman-Aguilar A, Bouye K. Racial\/Ethnic Health Disparities Among Rural Adults \u2014 United States, 2012\u20132015. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. 2017;66:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6623a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveillance Summaries"},{"key":"2958_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.08.007","volume":"223","author":"BM Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams BM, Schneider A, Gallaher J, Charles A. Racial and ethnic disparities in withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment after non-head injury trauma. Am J Surg. 2022;223:998\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.08.007.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2958_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0554-4","volume":"29","author":"CH Ormseth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ormseth CH, Falcone GJ, Jasak SD, Mampre DM, Leasure AC, Miyares LC, Hwang DY, James ML, Testai FD, Becker KJ, Tirschwell DL, Langefeld CD, Woo D, Sheth KN. Minority Patients are Less Likely to Undergo Withdrawal of Care After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Neurocrit. Care. 2018;29:419\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-018-0554-4.","journal-title":"Care"},{"key":"2958_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e234240","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.4240","volume":"4","author":"J Robison","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robison J, Shugrue N, Dillon E, Migneault D, Charles D, Wakefield D, Richards B. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Hospice Use Among Medicaid-Only and Dual-Eligible Decedents. JAMA Health Forum. 2023;4:e234240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.4240.","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"2958_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3182a50148","volume":"258","author":"AH Haider","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haider AH, Hashmi ZG, Zafar SN, Hui X, Schneider EB, Efron DT, Haut ER, Cooper LA, MacKenzie EJ, Cornwell EE. Minority Trauma Patients Tend to Cluster at Trauma Centers with Worse-Than-Expected Mortality. Ann Surg. 2013;258:572\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3182a50148.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2958_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003538","volume":"92","author":"SK Kishawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kishawi SK, Tseng ES, Adomshick VJ, Towe CW, Ho VP. Race and trauma mortality: The effect of hospital-level Black\u2013White patient race distribution. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;92:958\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000003538.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"2958_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6846a2","volume":"68","author":"J Daugherty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daugherty J, Waltzman D, Sarmiento K, Xu L. Traumatic Brain Injury\u2013Related Deaths by Race\/Ethnicity, Sex, Intent, and Mechanism of Injury \u2014 United States, 2000\u20132017, MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:1050\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6846a2.","journal-title":"Mortal Wkly Rep"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-02958-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-02958-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-02958-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T13:25:10Z","timestamp":1776173110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-026-02958-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["2958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-026-02958-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study uses data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP), a nationally recognized and validated dataset that includes detailed perioperative and postoperative outcomes. While the dataset is de-identified and publicly available for research purposes, data access is governed by institutional agreements with the ACS-NSQIP program. All variables used in this study, including demographic characteristics, operative details, length of stay, reoperation rates, frailty index, and 30-day mortality, were obtained directly from the NSQIP dataset. Standardized definitions for all variables were maintained as outlined in the ACSNSQIP data user guide.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human Ethics and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate declaration"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"IRB approval"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}]}}