{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:46:08Z","timestamp":1786740368685,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01EY036341-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01EY036341-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01EY034444-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01EY034444-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal imaging, including fundus photography (FP) and fluorescein angiography (FA), are more sensitive for monitoring non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) compared to dilated fundus examination. However, the impact of socioeconomic factors on receipt of this retinal imaging is unknown. We evaluate associations between socioeconomic factors and receipt of FP or FA among patients diagnosed with moderate to severe NPDR by linking data across multisite electronic medical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We linked 16 academic electronic record systems and further linked diverse socioeconomic variables. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess factors associated with the main outcome measure of the receipt of FP or FA in 2,082 patients with moderate to severe NPDR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Males (23.3%) were more likely to receive FA or FP compared to females (19.2%) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Patients with a graduate degree were more likely to receive imaging than those with a bachelor\u2019s degree (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Patients in the 2nd\u20134th income quartiles had higher imaging rates than those in the 1st (lowest) quartile (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Those with \"other\/unknown\" insurance were less likely to undergo imaging (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.45\u20130.81).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences in retinal imaging for DR exist based on sex, education, income, and insurance status at the tertiary academic centers studied. Patients who were female, low income, had lower educational attainment, or had other\/unknown insurance status were less likely to receive imaging. Multisite electronic health record data can be reliably joined for socioeconomic study of DR outcomes for population health and quality reporting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across 16 United States academic centers, receipt of fluorescein angiography or fundus photography after nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy diagnosis varied by sex, education, income, and insurance status, revealing socioeconomic disparities despite tertiary care access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-026-03026-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:08:17Z","timestamp":1786738097000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revealing the Blind Spots: Linked EHRs Associate Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Diabetic Eye Care Testing"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"William B.","family":"Marcus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A.","family":"Lavine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adovich S.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azraa S.","family":"Chaudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris A.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikha","family":"Marwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Mohamedali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlesnika T.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel N.","family":"Kho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Bryar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin D.","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Sight Outcomes Research Collaborative (SOURCE) Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sejal","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Srikumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fasika","family":"Woreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baseer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Pasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Hribar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merina","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"Vanderbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzann","family":"Pershing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preethi","family":"Ganapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Deiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Patnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prem","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleha","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wuqaas","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"De Lott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Stagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Wirostko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"McMillian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arsham","family":"Sheybani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soshian","family":"Sarrapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Harris-Nwanyanwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3026_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03665-6","volume":"24","author":"M Benhamza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benhamza M, Dahlui M, Said MA. Determining direct, indirect healthcare and social costs for diabetic retinopathy management: a systematic review. BMC Ophthalmol. 2024;24:424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03665-6.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3026_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03101-5","volume":"38","author":"Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study., the GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators. Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. Eye. 2024;38:2047\u201357.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"11","key":"3026_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.027","volume":"128","author":"ZL Teo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teo ZL, Tham YC, Yu M, et al. Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(11):1580\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.027.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"3026_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004140","volume":"44","author":"D Castellanos-Canales","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castellanos-Canales D, Decker NL, Fukuyama H, et al. Reliability of clinical grading of diabetic retinopathy compared with grading of ultra-widefield images. Retina. 2024;44(8):1279\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004140.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"3026_CR5","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina\/Vitreous Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern \u00ae Guidelines: Diabetic Retinopathy. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2024. https:\/\/www.aao.org\/ppp. Accessed July 2, 2025."},{"issue":"12","key":"3026_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.5287","volume":"141","author":"R Ravindranath","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ravindranath R, Bernstein IA, Fernandez KS, et al. Social determinants of health and perceived barriers to care in diabetic retinopathy screening. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2023;141(12):1161\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.5287.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3026_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2018.1424344","volume":"25","author":"J An","year":"2018","unstructured":"An J, Niu F, Turpcu A, et al. Adherence to the American Diabetes Association retinal screening guidelines for population with diabetes in the United States. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25(3):257\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09286586.2018.1424344.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3026_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.05.033","volume":"126","author":"SE Eppley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eppley SE, Mansberger SL, Ramanathan S, Lowry EA. Characteristics associated with adherence to annual dilated eye examinations among US patients with diagnosed diabetes. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(11):1492\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.05.033.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3026_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.07.028","volume":"268","author":"M Rahmati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahmati M, Smith L, Boyer L, et al. Factors affecting global adherence for the uptake of diabetic retinopathy screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2024;268:94\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.07.028.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3026_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92795-y","volume":"15","author":"A Chauhan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chauhan A, Duggal M, Kankaria A, et al. Exploring patient and health care provider perspectives on barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening in public health facilities in North India. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):8251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92795-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"3026_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.1551","volume":"139","author":"CG Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas CG, Channa R, Prichett L, et al. Racial\/ethnic disparities and barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening in youths. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(7):791\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.1551.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3026_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198979","volume":"14","author":"MMPN Piyasena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piyasena MMPN, Murthy GVS, Yip JLY, et al. Systematic review on barriers and enablers for access to diabetic retinopathy screening services in different income settings. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0198979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198979.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"3026_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269231","volume":"17","author":"AX Chan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AX, McDermott IJJ, Lee TC, et al. Associations between healthcare utilization and access and diabetic retinopathy complications using All of Us nationwide survey data. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(6):e0269231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269231.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"3026_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30411-5","volume":"8","author":"S Vujosevic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vujosevic S, Aldington SJ, Silva P, Hern\u00e1ndez C, Scanlon P, Peto T, et al. Screening for diabetic retinopathy: new perspectives and challenges. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2020;8(4):337\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30411-5.","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"3026_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2021.0329","volume":"28","author":"MJE Snider","year":"2022","unstructured":"Snider MJE, Lee D, Chiang B, et al. Teleophthalmology and inequities in diabetic eye disease at safety net hospitals. Telemed J E Health. 2022;28(8):1134\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2021.0329.","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3026_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002374","volume":"9","author":"CX Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai CX, Li Y, Zeger SL, McCarthy ML. Social determinants of health impacting adherence to diabetic retinopathy examinations. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(1):e002374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002374.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"3026_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/s0027-9684(15)30929-9","volume":"101","author":"P Nsiah-Kumi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nsiah-Kumi P, Ortmeier SR, Brown AE. Disparities in diabetic retinopathy screening and disease for racial and ethnic minority populations - a literature review. J Natl Med Assoc. 2009;101(5):430\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0027-9684(15)30929-9.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3026_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.08.021","volume":"131","author":"D Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao D, Li X, Carey AR, Henderson AD, Sight Outcomes Research Collaborative Consortium. Optic neuritis and cranial neuropathies diagnosis rates before Coronavirus Disease 2019, in the initial pandemic phase, and post-vaccine introduction. Ophthalmology. 2024;131(1):78\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.08.021.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3026_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ozawa GY, Bearse MA Jr, Adams AJ. Male-female differences in diabetic retinopathy? Curr Eye Res. 2015;40(2):234\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02713683.2014.958500.","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.958500"},{"issue":"1","key":"3026_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/diabetology1010001","volume":"1","author":"S Cherchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherchi S, Gigante A, Spanu MA, et al. Sex-gender differences in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia. 2020;1(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diabetology1010001.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"3026_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S402082","volume":"17","author":"A Jotte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jotte A, Vander Kooi W, French DD. Factors associated with annual vision screening in diabetic adults: analysis of the 2019 National Health Interview Survey. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023;17:613\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S402082.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3026_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.0813","volume":"136","author":"YH Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee YH, Chen AX, Varadaraj V, et al. Comparison of access to eye care appointments between patients with Medicaid and those with private health care insurance. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(6):622\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.0813.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3026_CR23","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Age-adjusted percentage of civilian, noninstitutionalized population with diagnosed diabetes, by race, United States, 1980\u20132009. Diabetes data and trends. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/statistics\/prev\/national\/figbyrace.htm. Accessed February 1, 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"3026_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.07.004","volume":"5","author":"WS Gange","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gange WS, Xu BY, Lung K, et al. Rates of eye care and diabetic eye disease among insured patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021;5(2):160\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2020.07.004.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"10","key":"3026_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.3528","volume":"142","author":"AS Chaudhury","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaudhury AS, Ige M, Marwah S, et al. Race, social determinants of health, and the quality of diabetic eye care. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024;142(10):961\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.3528.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3026_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46889\/JOAR.2024.5103","volume":"5","author":"T Paturu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paturu T, Amoah A, Sahoo A, et al. Geographical variation in ophthalmological care correlates to economic well-being in Florida. J Ophthalmol Adv Res. 2024;5(1):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46889\/JOAR.2024.5103.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol Adv Res"},{"key":"3026_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akinyemi OA, Jones MDLS, Ochoa A III, Nelson L, Weldeslase TA, Yousuf SJ. Socioeconomic disparities and emergency department visits for diabetic retinopathy in California. J Vitreoretin Dis. 2024;8(3):293\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/24741264241234132.","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264241234132"},{"key":"3026_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04559-0","volume":"24","author":"F Sebastian-Valles","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sebastian-Valles F, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Arenas-Arroyo S, Sim\u00f3-Servat O, et al. Association between socioeconomic status and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2025;24:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04559-0.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3026_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16270","volume":"53","author":"B Rao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rao B, Januszewski AS, Brazionis L, et al. No relationship between socioeconomic status, education level and development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a FIELD trial substudy. Intern Med J. 2023;53(11):2128\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.16270.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03026-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03026-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03026-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:08:18Z","timestamp":1786738098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03026-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["3026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03026-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to disclose. Access to data and data analysis: Dr. French had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}