{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:48:19Z","timestamp":1782751699331,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-026-03066-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:51:10Z","timestamp":1782222670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social Media, Racial Identity, and the Mental Health Consequences of Vicarious Racism among Black Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5037-3970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8286-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brianna A.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4548-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasheed","family":"Adeyemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"McKenley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison A.","family":"Hanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9488-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nia M.","family":"Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-2475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"LaKaylyn K.","family":"Washington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4747-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Sung","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2925-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn A.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3066_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303691","volume":"107","author":"S Alang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alang S, McAlpine D, McCreedy E, Hardeman R. Police brutality and black health: Setting the agenda for public health scholars. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(5):662\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303691.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.12.3.477","volume":"12","author":"AN Alvarez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alvarez AN, Juang L, Liang CT. Asian Americans and racism: when bad things happen to \u201cmodel minorities.\u201d Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol. 2006;12(3):477\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1099-9809.12.3.477.","journal-title":"Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3066_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.5.776","volume":"79","author":"\u00d6 Ayduk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ayduk \u00d6, Mendoza-Denton R, Mischel W, Downey G, Peake PK, Rodriguez M. Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000;79(5):776\u201392.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2_suppl","key":"3066_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69S","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198119863768","volume":"46","author":"MA Bekalu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bekalu MA, McCloud RF, Viswanath K. Association of social media use with social well-being, positive mental health, and self-rated health: disentangling routine use from emotional connection to use. Health Educ Behav. 2019;46(2_suppl):69S-80S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198119863768.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"10144","key":"3066_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31130-9","volume":"392","author":"J Bor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bor J, Venkataramani AS, Williams DR, Tsai AC. Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans: A population-based, quasi-experimental study. The Lancet. 2018;392(10144):302\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31130-9.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"3066_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002358","volume":"43","author":"C Bourne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bourne C, Mackay CE, Holmes EA. The neural basis of flashback formation: The impact of viewing trauma. Psychol Med. 2013;43(7):1521\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291712002358.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/svaa012","volume":"44","author":"CL Bright","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bright CL. The two pandemics. Soc Work Res. 2020;44(3):139\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/swr\/svaa012.","journal-title":"Soc Work Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00474","volume":"73","author":"CH Caldwell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Caldwell CH, Zimmerman MA, Bernat DH, Sellers RM, Notaro PC. Racial identity, maternal support, and psychological distress among African American adolescents. Child Dev. 2002;73(4):1322\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8624.00474.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"3066_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934720935600","volume":"51","author":"F Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell F, Valera P. \u201cThe only thing new is the cameras\u201d: a study of U.S. college students\u2019 perceptions of police violence on social media. J Black Stud. 2020;51(7):654\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0021934720935600.","journal-title":"J Black Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006292033","volume":"35","author":"RT Carter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carter RT. Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. Couns Psychol. 2007;35(1):13\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011000006292033.","journal-title":"Couns Psychol"},{"key":"3066_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chae DH, Yip T, Martz CD, Chung K, Richeson JA, Hajat A, ... LaVeist TA. Vicarious racism and vigilance during the COVID-19 pandemic: Mental health implications among Asian and Black Americans. Public Health Reports. 2021;136(4):508\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549211018675.","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211018675"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2009.12.006","volume":"49","author":"CM Cheung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheung CM, Lee MK. A theoretical model of intentional social action in online social networks. Decis Support Syst. 2010;49(1):24\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dss.2009.12.006.","journal-title":"Decis Support Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168801200410","volume":"12","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Set correlation and contingency tables. Appl Psychol Meas. 1988;12(4):425\u201334.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"2","key":"3066_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.12.128","volume":"69","author":"A Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen A, Ekwueme PO, Sacotte KA, Bajwa L, Gilpin S, Heard-Garris N. \u201cMelanincholy\u201d: a qualitative exploration of youth media use, vicarious racism, and perceptions of health. J Adolesc Health. 2021;69(2):288\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.12.128.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"3066_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.05.023","author":"EM Condon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Condon EM, Barcelona V, Ibrahim BB, Crusto CA, Taylor JY. Racial discrimination, mental health, and parenting among African American mothers of preschool-aged children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.05.023.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"3066_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03003-4","volume":"24","author":"KP Daniels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daniels KP, Valdez Z, Chae DH, Allen AM. Direct and vicarious racial discrimination at three life stages and preterm labor: results from the African American Women\u2019s Heart & Health Study. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24(11):1387\u201395.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465231175942","volume":"64","author":"KP Daniels","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniels KP, Thomas MD, Chae DH, Allen AM. Black mothers\u2019 concern for their children as a measure of vicarious racism-related vigilance and allostatic load. J Health Soc Behav. 2023;64(4):520\u201336.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"3066_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.2.194","volume":"27","author":"TP Dominguez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dominguez TP, Dunkel-schetter C, Glynn LM, Hobel C, Sandman CA. Racial differences in birth outcomes: The role of general, pregnancy, and racism stress. Health Psychol. 2008;27(2):194\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-6133.27.2.194.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3066_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.2.545","volume":"75","author":"G Downey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Downey G, Freitas AL, Michaelis B, Khouri H. The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;75(2):545.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"34","key":"3066_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821204116","volume":"116","author":"F Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edwards F, Lee H, Esposito M. Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116(34):16793\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1821204116.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3066_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2019.101068","volume":"66","author":"D English","year":"2020","unstructured":"English D, Lambert SF, Tynes BM, Bowleg L, Zea MC, Howard LC. Daily multidimensional racial discrimination among Black US American adolescents. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2020;66:101068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2019.101068.","journal-title":"J Appl Dev Psychol"},{"key":"3066_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41:1149\u201360.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1086\/711162","volume":"11","author":"JM First","year":"2020","unstructured":"First JM, Danforth L, Frisby CM, Warner BR, Ferguson MW Jr, Houston JB. Posttraumatic stress related to the killing of Michael Brown and resulting civil unrest in Ferguson, Missouri: Roles of protest engagement, media use, race, and resilience. J Soc Soc Work Res. 2020;11(3):2334\u20132315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/711162.","journal-title":"J Soc Soc Work Res"},{"issue":"10307","key":"3066_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01609-3","volume":"398","author":"GBD 2019 Police Violence US Subnational Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Police Violence US Subnational Collaborators. Fatal police violence by race and state in the USA, 1980\u20132019: a network meta-regression. Lancet (London, England). 2021;398(10307):1239\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01609-3","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"3066_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000628","volume":"30","author":"AR Georgeson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Georgeson AR, Alvarez-Bartolo D, MacKinnon DP. A sensitivity analysis for temporal bias in cross-sectional mediation. Psychol Methods. 2025;30(6):1326\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000628.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/jocc.12173","volume":"24","author":"AL Giordano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giordano AL, Prosek EA, Henson RK, Silveus S, Beijan L, Reyes A, et al. Effects of vicarious racism exposure via the media on college students of color: Exploring affect and substance use. J Coll Couns. 2021;24(1):4\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jocc.12173.","journal-title":"J Coll Couns"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984970233009","volume":"23","author":"R Goodstein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodstein R, Ponterotto JG. Racial and ethnic identity: their relationship and their contribution to self-esteem. J Black Psychol. 1997;23(3):275\u201392.","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3066_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1767252","volume":"15","author":"A Graham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graham A, Haner M, Sloan MM, Cullen FT, Kulig TC, Jonson CL. Race and worrying about police brutality: The hidden injuries of minority status in America. Victims & Offenders. 2020;15(5):549\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15564886.2020.1767252.","journal-title":"Victims & Offenders"},{"key":"3066_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115225","volume":"316","author":"AM Haeny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haeny AM, Gibbons FX, Fleischli ME, Gerrard M, Lopez J, Beach SR. Racial centrality mediates the association between adolescent racial discrimination and adult cigarette smoking outcomes among Black Americans. Soc Sci Med. 2023;316:115225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115225.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087722","volume":"70","author":"SP Harrell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harrell SP. A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2000;70(1):42\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0087722.","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"3066_CR31","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press; 2013."},{"key":"3066_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.04.018","volume":"199","author":"NJ Heard-Garris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heard-Garris NJ, Cale M, Camaj L, Hamati MC, Dominguez TP. Transmitting trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health. Soc Sci Med. 2018;199:230\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.04.018.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3066_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2113522","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13522","volume":"4","author":"N Heard-Garris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heard-Garris N, Ekwueme PO, Gilpin S, Sacotte KA, Perez-Cardona L, Wong M, et al. Adolescents\u2019 experiences, emotions, and coping strategies associated with exposure to media-based vicarious racism. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2113522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13522.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"3066_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2016.35.10.840","volume":"35","author":"CM Heldreth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heldreth CM, Guardino CM, Wong LH, Schetter CD, Shapiro JR, Schafer P, et al. Childhood racism experiences and postpartum depressive symptoms in African American mothers. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2016;35(10):840\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/jscp.2016.35.10.840.","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3066_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2013.32.5.504","volume":"32","author":"JM Henson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Henson JM, Derlega VJ, Pearson MR, Ferrer R, Holmes K. African American students\u2019 responses to racial discrimination: How race-based rejection sensitivity and social constraints are related to psychological reactions. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2013;32(5):504\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/jscp.2013.32.5.504.","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031160","volume":"33","author":"CJ Hilmert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hilmert CJ, Dominguez TP, Schetter CD, Srinivas SK, Glynn LM, Hobel CJ, et al. Lifetime racism and blood pressure changes during pregnancy: implications for fetal growth. Health Psychol. 2014;33(1):43\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031160.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619858300","volume":"8","author":"EA Holman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holman EA, Garfin DR, Lubens P, Silver RC. Media exposure to collective trauma, mental health, and functioning: Does it matter what you see? Clin Psychol Sci. 2020;8(1):111\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702619858300.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"3066_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01626.x","volume":"62","author":"PN Howard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howard PN, Parks MR. Social media and political change: Capacity, constraint, and consequence. J Commun. 2012;62:359\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01626.x.","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"3066_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hunter EA, Spears EC, Martz CD, Chung K, Fuller-Rowell TE, Lim SS, ... Chae DH Racism-related stress and psychological distress: Black Women\u2019s experiences living with Lupus study. J Health Psychol. 2021;26(13):2374\u20132389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135910532091308.","DOI":"10.1177\/135910532091308"},{"issue":"11","key":"3066_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2017.1334931","volume":"40","author":"J Ince","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ince J, Rojas F, Davis CA. The social media response to Black Lives Matter: How Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use. Ethn Racial Stud. 2017;40(11):1814\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01419870.2017.1334931.","journal-title":"Ethn Racial Stud"},{"key":"3066_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph J. Invisible police lethal violence against black women in the United States: An intersectional approach. Peace Review, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10402659.2022.2044729","DOI":"10.1080\/10402659.2022.2044729"},{"key":"3066_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10858.001.0001","volume-title":"#Hashtagactivism: networks of race and gender justice","author":"SJ Jackson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson SJ, Bailey M, Welles FB. #Hashtagactivism: networks of race and gender justice. MIT Press; 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.008","volume":"52","author":"LA Jelenchick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jelenchick LA, Eickhoff JC, Moreno MA. \u201cFacebook depression?\u201d Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(1):128\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.008.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030277","volume":"2","author":"MA Jenkins-Guarnieri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Wright SL, Johnson B. Development and validation of a social media use integration scale. Psychol Pop Media Cult. 2013;2(1):38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030277.","journal-title":"Psychol Pop Media Cult"},{"key":"3066_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-016-0201-6","volume":"19","author":"SC Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones SC, Neblett EW. Racial\u2013ethnic protective factors and mechanisms in psychosocial prevention and intervention programs for Black youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2016;19:134\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-016-0201-6.","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3066_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones A, Hoard LR, Brown G, Dean M, Underwood D, Jang HS, ... Hunter EA. \u201cRacism is not getting worse, it\u2019s getting filmed\u201d: Investigating online vicarious racism among black students. Couns Psychol. 2025;53(4):483\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00110000251348273.","DOI":"10.1177\/00110000251348273"},{"key":"3066_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2009.09.003","volume":"53","author":"AM Kaplan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Bus Horiz. 2010;53:59\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2009.09.003.","journal-title":"Bus Horiz"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000553","volume":"91","author":"B Keum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keum B, Cano M\u00c1. Online racism, psychological distress, and alcohol use among racial minority women and men: A multi-group mediation analysis. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2021;91(4):524\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ort0000553.","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"3066_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107468","volume":"136","author":"BT Keum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keum BT, Cano MA. Online racism, depressive and anxiety symptoms, coping-related drinking motives, and alcohol use severity among Black, Latina\/o\/x, and Asian emerging adults. Addict Behav. 2023;136:107468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107468.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"3066_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0278763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278763","volume":"17","author":"BT Keum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keum BT, Li X. Coping with online racism: Patterns of online social support seeking and anti-racism advocacy associated with online racism, and correlates of ethnic-racial socialization, perceived health, and alcohol use severity. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0278763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278763.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/00110000221143521","volume":"51","author":"BT Keum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keum BT, Li X. Online racism, rumination, and vigilance: Impact on distress, loneliness, and alcohol use. Couns Psychol. 2023;51(3):422\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00110000221143521.","journal-title":"Couns Psychol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3066_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1017\/iop.2021.39","volume":"14","author":"G Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim G, Donnelly L, Ran S. Fighting two pandemics at once: When COVID-19 meets racism. Ind Organ Psychol. 2021;14(1\u20132):206\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/iop.2021.39.","journal-title":"Ind Organ Psychol"},{"key":"3066_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim Y, Beale AM, Rasmussen HF, Kazmierski KF, Margolin G. Anti-Black violence, discrimination, and sleep difficulties amongst racially diverse Americans: The aftermath of the murder of George Floyd. Soc Sci Med. 2024;340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116410.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116410"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2020.07.002","volume":"11","author":"CT Laurencin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laurencin CT, Walker JM. A Pandemic on a Pandemic: Racism and COVID-19 in Blacks. Cell Syst. 2020;11(1):9\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cels.2020.07.002.","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"BK Lewis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lewis BK. Social media and strategic communication: Attitudes and perceptions among college students. Public Relat J. 2010;4(3):1\u201323.","journal-title":"Public Relat J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12111-012-9219-0","volume":"17","author":"JA Lewis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lewis JA, Mendenhall R, Harwood SA, Huntt MB. Coping with gendered racial microaggressions among Black women college students. J Afr Am Stud. 2013;17(1):51\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12111-012-9219-0.","journal-title":"J Afr Am Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"3066_CR57","first-page":"A139","volume":"82","author":"TT Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis TT, Spikes T, Van Dyke ME, McKinnon II, Vaccarino V, Scully L, et al. Exposure to personal and vicarious racism-related traumas and poor sleep in African American women. Psychosom Med. 2020;82(6):A139\u2013A139.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22466","volume":"33","author":"LY Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin LY, Sidani JE, Shensa A, Radovic A, Miller E, Colditz JB, et al. Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(4):323\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22466.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12471","volume":"17","author":"MY Martin Romero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin Romero MY, Stein GL. Invisible targets: Conceptualizing US Latine youth\u2019s exposure to family-level vicarious racism. Child Dev Perspect. 2023;17(1):18\u201324.","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"key":"3066_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martz CD, Allen AM, Fuller-Rowell TE, Spears EC, Lim SS, Drenkard C, ... Chae DH. Vicarious racism stress and disease activity: the Black women\u2019s experiences living with lupus (BeWELL) study. J Racial Ethnic Health Disparities. 2019;6(5):1044\u20131051.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-019-00606-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"3066_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000099","volume":"23","author":"TB Mason","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mason TB, Maduro RS, Derlega VJ, Hacker DS, Winstead BA, Haywood JE. Individual differences in the impact of vicarious racism: African American students react to the George Zimmerman trial. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2017;23(2):174\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cdp0000099.","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23","volume":"12","author":"SE Maxwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maxwell SE, Cole DA. Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychol Methods. 2007;12(1):23\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.4.896","volume":"83","author":"R Mendoza-Denton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mendoza-Denton R, Downey G, Purdie VJ, Davis A, Pietrzak J. Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African American students\u2019 college experience. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(4):896\u2013918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.83.4.896.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"3066_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-022-00532-3","author":"MD Moody","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moody MD. Vicarious experiences of major discrimination and the life satisfaction of Black and White Adults from a community sample. J Happiness Stud. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-022-00532-3.","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"key":"3066_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114997","volume":"316","author":"MD Moody","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moody MD, Browning WR, Hossain M, Clay OJ. Vicarious experiences of major discrimination, anxiety symptoms, and mental health care utilization among Black Adults. Soc Sci Med. 2023;316:114997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114997.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0357-x","volume":"13","author":"A Nuru-Jeter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nuru-Jeter A, Dominguez TP, Hammond WP, Leu J, Skaff M, Egerter S, et al. \u201cIt\u2019s the skin you\u2019re in\u201d: African-American women talk about their experiences of racism. An exploratory study to develop measures of racism for birth outcome studies. Matern Child Health J. 2009;13(1):29.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/0731121419837588","volume":"62","author":"SM Ortiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ortiz SM. \u201cYou can say I got desensitized to it\u201d: How men of color cope with everyday racism in online gaming. Sociol Perspect. 2019;62(4):572\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0731121419837588.","journal-title":"Sociol Perspect"},{"key":"3066_CR68","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. Social media fact sheet. 2021. https:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/fact-sheet\/social-media\/."},{"key":"3066_CR69","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. Americans\u2019 social media use. 2024. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2024\/01\/31\/americans-social-media-use\/."},{"key":"3066_CR70","unstructured":"Pietrzak J, Downey G, Ayduk O. Rejection sensitivity as an interpersonal vulnerability. In: Baldwin M, editor. Interpersonal cognition. New York: Guilford; 2005. p. 62\u201384."},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191111411667","volume":"18","author":"PA Pilkonis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pilkonis PA, Choi SW, Reise SP, Stover AM, Riley WT, Cella D. Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS\u00ae): Depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment. 2011;18(3):263\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191111411667.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"6","key":"3066_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2017.1328242","volume":"22","author":"LB Roberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roberts LB, Maduro RS, Derlega VJ, Peterkin AL, Hacker DS, Ellis KT. Race-based rejection sensitivity and racial identity predict African American students\u2019 reactions to the fatal shooting of other African Americans: Personal threat and identification with shooting victims as mediators. J Loss Trauma. 2017;22(6):472\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325024.2017.1328242.","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.3.715","volume":"74","author":"SJ Rowley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rowley SJ, Sellers RM, Chavous TM, Smith MA. The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(3):715.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1108\/MHSI-06-2020-0039","volume":"25","author":"H Sadagheyani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadagheyani H, Tatari F. Investigating the role of social media on mental health. Ment Health Soc Incl. 2021;25(1):41\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MHSI-06-2020-0039.","journal-title":"Ment Health Soc Incl"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09732-z","volume":"20","author":"ES Scott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott ES, Canivet C, \u00d6stergren PO. Investigating the effect of social networking site use on mental health in an 18\u201334 year-old general population; a cross-sectional study using the 2016 Scania Public Health Survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09732-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3066_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015506","volume":"15","author":"EK Seaton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seaton EK. Perceived racial discrimination and racial identity profiles among African American adolescents. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2009;15(2):137\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0015506.","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3066_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.5.1079","volume":"84","author":"RM Sellers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sellers RM, Shelton JN. The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(5):1079.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.4.805","volume":"73","author":"RM Sellers","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sellers RM, Rowley SAJ, Chavous TM, Shelton JN, Smith MA. Multidimensional inventory of Black identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;73(4):805\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.73.4.805.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3066_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0201_2","volume":"2","author":"RM Sellers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sellers RM, Smith MA, Shelton JN, Rowley SAJ, Chavous TM. Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 1998;2(1):18\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr0201_2.","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3066_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x","volume":"16","author":"RM Sellers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sellers RM, Copeland-Linder N, Martin PP, Lewis RLH. Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. J Res Adolesc. 2006;16(2):187\u2013216.","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/10538720.2017.1319777","volume":"29","author":"CR Serpe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Serpe CR, Nadal KL. Perceptions of police: Experiences in the trans* community. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv. 2017;29(3):280\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10538720.2017.1319777.","journal-title":"J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv"},{"issue":"9","key":"3066_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.2307\/23484662","volume":"24","author":"R Silver","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silver R, Holman A, Andersen J, Poulin M, McIntosh D, Gil-Rivas V. Mental- and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq war. Psychol Sci. 2013;24(9):1623\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/23484662.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"3066_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000730","author":"G Sims","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sims G, Kia-Keating M, Hal OD. Racial trauma and resilience in the aftermath of media exposure of fatal police violence toward Black Americans: Consequences and collective burden. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cdp0000730.","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1993.11778438","volume":"64","author":"BD Smedley","year":"1993","unstructured":"Smedley BD, Myers HF, Harrell SP. Minority-status stresses and the college adjustment of ethnic minority freshmen. J Higher Educ. 1993;64(4):434\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00221546.1993.11778438.","journal-title":"J Higher Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"3066_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14065","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14065","volume":"59","author":"EE Sosoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sosoo EE, MacCormack JK, Neblett EW Jr. Psychophysiological and affective reactivity to vicarious police violence. Psychophysiology. 2022;59(10):e14065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.14065.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"3066_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2009.9955","volume":"15","author":"M Terry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Terry M. Twittering healthcare: Social media and medicine. Telemed e-Health. 2009;15:507\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2009.9955.","journal-title":"Telemed e-Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3066_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/09518398.2015.1023234","volume":"29","author":"KA Truong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Truong KA, Museus SD, McGuire KM. Vicarious racism: A qualitative analysis of experiences with secondhand racism in graduate education. Int J Qual Stud Educ. 2016;29(2):224\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09518398.2015.1023234.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Stud Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"3066_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.03.006","volume":"65","author":"BM Tynes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tynes BM, Willis HA, Stewart AM, Hamilton MW. Race-related traumatic events online and mental health among adolescents of color. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(3):371\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.03.006.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3066_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.43.4.490","volume":"43","author":"SO Utsey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Utsey SO, Ponterotto JG. Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS). J Couns Psychol. 1996;43(4):490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.43.4.490.","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"3066_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-70812-6_13","volume-title":"Macrosocial determinants of population health","author":"K Viswanath","year":"2007","unstructured":"Viswanath K, Ramanadhan S, Kontos EZ. Mass media. In: Macrosocial determinants of population health. New York: Springer New York; 2007. p. 275\u201394."},{"key":"3066_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.05.008","volume":"51","author":"HC Woods","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woods HC, Scott H. # Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.05.008.","journal-title":"J Adolesc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03066-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03066-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03066-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:37:27Z","timestamp":1782751047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03066-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["3066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03066-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by Auburn University Institutional Review Board (IRB). The study protocol, informed consent documents, and all recruitment materials were approved under IRB protocol number 20\u2013395 EP 2010. All research activities were conducted in accordance with the university's ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}