{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:47:03Z","timestamp":1782755223467,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016264","name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-026-03072-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:21:28Z","timestamp":1782753688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Qualitative Ecological Exploration of Black Perinatal Mental Health and Wellbeing"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Celeste H.","family":"Poe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia C.","family":"Ofodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly McGlothen","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3072_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01816-x","volume":"11","author":"KE Montalmant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montalmant KE, Ettinger AK. The racial disparities in maternal mortality and impact of structural racism and implicit racial bias on pregnant Black women: A review of the literature. Journal Racial Ethnic Health Disparities. 2024;11(6):3658\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-023-01816-x.","journal-title":"Journal Racial Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"issue":"2","key":"3072_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000349","volume":"61","author":"EA Howell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Howell EA. Reducing disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2018;61(2):387\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000349.","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01663-6","volume":"11","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Z, Liu J, Shuai H, Cai Z, Fu X, Liu Y, Yang BX. Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. Translational Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01663-6.","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"3072_CR4","unstructured":"Hemstad M. (2024). Black maternal mental health: The data, the barriers, and organizations to support. Maternal Mental Health Leadership Alliance. https:\/\/www.mmhla.org\/articles\/black-maternal-mental-health-the-data-the-barriers-and-organizations-to-support. Accessed 12 September 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"3072_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.62.6.pss6206_0619","volume":"62","author":"KB Kozhimannil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kozhimannil KB, Trinacty CM, Busch AB, Huskamp HA, Adams AS. Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum depression care among low-income women. Psychiatric Serv. 2011;62(6):619\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ps.62.6.pss6206_0619.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"3072_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-00983-z","volume":"9","author":"T Nelson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nelson T, Ernst SC, Tirado C, Fisse JL, Moreno O. Psychological distress and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological services among Black women: The role of past mental health treatment. J Racial Ethnic Health Disparities. 2022;9(2):527\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-021-00983-z.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-020-01035-x","volume":"24","author":"A Sidebottom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sidebottom A, Vacquier M, LaRusso E, Erickson D, Hardeman R. Perinatal depression screening practices in a large health system: Identifying current state and assessing opportunities to provide more equitable care. Arch Women Ment Health. 2021;24(1):133\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-020-01035-x.","journal-title":"Arch Women Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3072_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v39n04_02","volume":"39","author":"M Corcoran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Corcoran M, Danziger SK, Tolman R. Long term employment of African-American and White welfare recipients and the role of persistent health and mental health problems. Women Health. 2004;39(4):21\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J013v39n04_02.","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3072_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731510386497","volume":"21","author":"M Sinkewicz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sinkewicz M, Lee R. Prevalence, comorbidity, and course of depression among Black fathers in the United States. Res Social Work Pract. 2010;21(3):289\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731510386497.","journal-title":"Res Social Work Pract"},{"key":"3072_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doyle O, Joe S, Caldwell CH. Ethnic differences in mental illness and mental health service use among Black fathers. Am J Public Health. 2012;222\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300446.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300446"},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716208325548","volume":"621","author":"K Edin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Edin K, Tach L, Mincy R. Claiming fatherhood: Race and the dynamics of paternal involvement among unmarried men. Annals Am Acad Political Social Sci. 2009;621(1):149\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002716208325548.","journal-title":"Annals Am Acad Political Social Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2004.00001.x","volume":"66","author":"V King","year":"2004","unstructured":"King V, Harris KM, Heard HE. Racial and ethnic diversity in nonresident father involvement. J Marriage Family. 2004;66(1):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2004.00001.x.","journal-title":"J Marriage Family"},{"key":"3072_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"71","author":"J Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones J, Mosher WD. Fathers\u2019 involvement with their children: United States, 2006\u20132010. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2013;71:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"key":"3072_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70076","DOI":"10.2196\/70076","volume":"14","author":"PN Boakye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boakye PN, Fung K, Setordzi M, Etowa EB, Yoon R, Etowa J, Wong JP. Identifying and taking action on the protective and risk factors of Black maternal mental health: Protocol for community-based participatory study. JMIR Res Protocols. 2025;14:e70076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/70076.","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protocols"},{"issue":"10","key":"3072_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.00808","volume":"40","author":"K Matthews","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matthews K, Morgan I, Davis K, Estriplet T, Perez S, Crear-Perry JA. Pathways to equitable and antiracist maternal mental health care: Insights from Black women stakeholders. Health Aff. 2021;40(10):1597\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.00808.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"2","key":"3072_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8882","volume":"30","author":"J Crear-Perry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crear-Perry J, Correa-de-Araujo R, Lewis Johnson T, McLemore MR, Neilson E, Wallace M. Social and structural determinants of health inequities in maternal health. J Women\u2019s Health. 2021;30(2):230\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8882.","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"3072_CR17","unstructured":"Orgera K, Artiga S. (2018). Disparities in health and health care: Five key questions and answers. Kaiser Family Foundation. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/disparities-in-health-and-health-care-5-key-question-and-answers\/. Accessed 24 September 2025."},{"key":"3072_CR18","unstructured":"Garbarino J. Growing up in a socially toxic environment: Life for children and families in the 1990s. In: Melton GB, editor. The individual, the family, and social good: Personal fulfillment in times of change. University of Nebraska; 1995. pp. 1\u201320."},{"issue":"90","key":"3072_CR19","first-page":"82","volume":"29","author":"S Ginwright","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ginwright S, Cammarota J. New terrain in youth development: The promise of a social justice approach. Social Justice. 2002;29(90):82\u201395. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/29768150.","journal-title":"Social Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"3072_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-016-0073-9","volume":"3","author":"TM James-Todd","year":"2016","unstructured":"James-Todd TM, Chiu YH, Zota AR. Racial\/ethnic disparities in environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals and women\u2019s reproductive health outcomes: epidemiological examples across the life course. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2016;3(2):161\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-016-0073-9.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3072_CR21","first-page":"101","volume":"17","author":"RD Bullard","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bullard RD. Ecological inequities and the new South: Black communities under siege. J Ethnic Stud. 1990;17(4):101\u201315.","journal-title":"J Ethnic Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"3072_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2020.1752352","volume":"30","author":"LI Aniefuna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aniefuna LI, Aniefuna A, M., Williams JM. Creating and undoing legacies of resilience: Black women as martyrs in the Black community under oppressive social control. Women Criminal Justice. 2020;30(5):356\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08974454.2020.1752352.","journal-title":"Women Criminal Justice"},{"key":"3072_CR23","unstructured":"Emdin C. (2016). For White Folks Who Teach in the Hood. and the Rest of Y\u2019all Too: Reality Pedagogy and Urban Education. Beacon Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/13613324.2020.1718076","volume":"24","author":"T Powell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Powell T, Coles JA. We still here\u2019: Black mothers\u2019 personal narratives of sense making and resisting antiblackness and the suspensions of their Black children. Race Ethn Educ. 2020;24(1):76\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13613324.2020.1718076.","journal-title":"Race Ethn Educ"},{"key":"3072_CR25","unstructured":"Marable M. Living Black history: How reimagining the African-American past can remake America\u2019s racial future. Basic Books; 2006."},{"issue":"5","key":"3072_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987119880234","volume":"25","author":"L Doyle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doyle L, McCabe C, Keogh B, et al. An overview of the qualitative descriptive design within nursing research. J Res Nurs. 2020;25(5):443\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1744987119880234.","journal-title":"J Res Nurs"},{"key":"3072_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"undefined","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919878341","volume":"18","author":"J Malmqvist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malmqvist J, Hellberg K, M\u00f6ll\u00e5s G, et al. Conducting the Pilot Study: a Neglected Part of the Research Process? Methodological Findings Supporting the Importance of Piloting in Qualitative Research Studies. Int J Qual Methods. 2019;18:undefined\u2013undefined. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1609406919878341.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR28","first-page":"49","volume":"25","author":"ET Tyler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tyler ET. Black mothers matter: The social, political and legal determinants of Black maternal health across the lifespan. J Health Care Law Policy. 2022;25(1):49\u201375. https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu\/jhclp\/vol25\/iss1\/3\/.","journal-title":"J Health Care Law Policy"},{"key":"3072_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawes DE. The political determinants of health. JHU; 2020.","DOI":"10.56021\/9781421437903"},{"key":"3072_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gostin, L. O., Monahan, J. T., Kaldor, J., DeBartolo, M., Friedman, E. A., Gottschalk,\u2026 Yamin, A. E. (2019). The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development. The Lancet, 393(10183), 1857\u20131910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30233-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30233-8."},{"key":"3072_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-13942-0_2","volume-title":"Supporting research in counselling and psychotherapy: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research","author":"V Braun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V, Hayfield N, Davey L, Jenkinson E. Doing reflexive thematic analysis. Supporting research in counselling and psychotherapy: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. pp. 19\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-13942-0_2."},{"issue":"2","key":"3072_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.29333\/ajqr\/12973","volume":"7","author":"C McKim","year":"2023","unstructured":"McKim C. Meaningful member-checking: A structured approach to member-checking. Am J Qualitative Res. 2023;7(2):41\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/ajqr\/12973.","journal-title":"Am J Qualitative Res"},{"key":"3072_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113138","volume":"258","author":"JA Abrams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abrams JA, Tabaac A, Jung S, Else-Quest NM. Considerations for employing intersectionality in qualitative health research. Soc Sci Med. 2020;258:113138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113138.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3072_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13115","volume":"54","author":"SM Alang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alang SM. Mental health care among blacks in America: Confronting racism and constructing solutions. Health Serv Res. 2019;54(2):346\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.13115.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"3072_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15111533","volume":"15","author":"D Maxwell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maxwell D, Munoz R, Leat S, Jackson C. Race-related stress as a driver of postpartum depression among a sample of Black mothers. Behav Sci. 2025;15(11):1533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15111533.","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-022-01284-y","volume":"26","author":"TB Walsh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walsh TB, Thomas A, Quince H, Buck J, Tamkin V, Blackwell D. Black fathers\u2019 contributions to maternal mental health. Arch Women Ment Health. 2023;26(1):117\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-022-01284-y.","journal-title":"Arch Women Ment Health"},{"key":"3072_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vedam, S., Stoll, K., Taiwo, T. K., Rubashkin, N., Cheyney, M., Strauss, N., \u2026 GVtM-US Steering Council (2019). The giving voice to mothers study: Inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States. Reproductive Health, 16(1), 77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-019-0729-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0729-2."},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-025-07773-z","volume":"25","author":"K Watson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Watson K, Barber C, Farrant K, McEvoy B, Mills T, Lavender DT. The maternity care experiences of women living in a diverse UK urban city: a survey study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025;25(1):744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-025-07773-z. Published 2025 Jul 10.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"3072_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102923","volume":"78","author":"EM Hailu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hailu EM, Maddali SR, Snowden JM, Carmichael SL, Mujahid MS. Structural racism and adverse maternal health outcomes: A systematic review. Health Place. 2022;78:102923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102923.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"3072_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-025-07290-z","volume":"25","author":"DM Griffith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Griffith DM, Jaeger EC, Pepperman P, Chustz KA, Frazier D, Wilson A. Expectant and new fathers say they need resources and sources of support. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025;25(1):205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-025-07290-z.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"3072_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoyert DL. (2025). Maternal mortality rates in the United States, 2023 (NCHS Health E-Stats). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc\/174577","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/174577"},{"issue":"3","key":"3072_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11030438","volume":"11","author":"A Njoku","year":"2023","unstructured":"Njoku A, Evans M, Nimo-Sefah L, Bailey J. Listen to the whispers before they become screams: Addressing Black maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States. Healthcare. 2023;11(3):438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11030438. Accessed 24 September 2025.","journal-title":"Healthcare"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03072-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03072-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03072-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:21:38Z","timestamp":1782753698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03072-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["3072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03072-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Stanford University (3\/28\/25 IRB-73282).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"No participant data is included in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}