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Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial discrimination is associated with negative mental health outcomes among students, yet it remains understudied at German universities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a period of two months in 2022 a cross-sectional study was conducted at a German university using an anonymous bilingual online questionnaire for data collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 179 students who had experienced racial discrimination in their lives, 106 (59.2%) reported it at their university. Students and teaching staff were the most frequently reported aggressors. International students were identified to be especially vulnerable. The study group displayed high average scores in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): 8.1 (SD\u2009=\u20095.9) for anxious, 10.0 (SD\u2009=\u20096.8) for depressive and 8.9 (SD\u2009=\u20096.2) for somatic symptoms. At least moderate symptom severity (score\u2009\u2265\u200910) for anxiety, depression and somatization was found in 31.7%, 47.0% and 40.5% respectively. For anxiety, a score\u2009\u2265\u200910 was significantly more prevalent in the group that experienced racial discrimination at university compared to the group that did not (41.8% vs. 18.9%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Comparable differences were found for somatization symptoms (53.8% vs. 23.5%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Regarding depression, a similar trend was observed (54.5% vs. 37.3%), though not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.06).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings imply that experiencing racial discrimination in university is associated with higher levels of anxiety and somatization with a similar trend for depression. As this research field remains understudied, further qualitative and longitudinal research is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-026-03149-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:01:56Z","timestamp":1788188516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial Discrimination and University Students\u2019 Mental Health: a Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6587-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naila","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Kaifie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"3149_CR1","unstructured":"Aikins MA, Bremberger T, Aikins JK, Gyamerah D, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m-Caliman D. 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Treasure Island (FL)2025."}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03149-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03149-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03149-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:20:30Z","timestamp":1788236430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03149-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["3149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03149-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The research has been conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Independent Ethics Committee at the RWTH Aachen University Faculty of Medicine gave its ethical approval for the study (EK050\/22, 04 April 2022). All participants gave their informed consent to participate.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"N. K. served as the first Anti-Racism Officer of the Equal Opportunities Project of the student body at\n                      RWTH Aachen University\n                      from December 2021 to January 2023. For this voluntary work, she received an expense allowance. She was designated as acting Representative for Equity and Diversity from February 2023 to April 2023 at\n                      Bundesvertretung der Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland e.V.\n                      (Medical Students Association Germany), was officially elected at the end of April 2023, and continued in this role until May 2024. In this position, no financial compensation was received. A.K. declares no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}