{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:59:31Z","timestamp":1790654371893,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-026-03184-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:30:15Z","timestamp":1790605815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistent Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Untreated Adolescent Depression in the United States, 2021\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwanjin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6084-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kounseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3184_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199407000-00006","volume":"33","author":"PM Lewinsohn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lewinsohn PM, Clarke GN, Seeley JR, Rohde P. Major depression in community adolescents: age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33(6):809\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199407000-00006.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3184_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.10.010","volume":"54","author":"S Avenevoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Avenevoli S, Swendsen J, He JP, Burstein M, Merikangas KR. Major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement: prevalence, correlates, and treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(1):37\u2013e442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.10.010.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"3184_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017","volume":"49","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, Benjet C, Georgiades K, Swendsen J. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication\u2013Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(10):980\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3184_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4081","volume":"141","author":"RA Zuckerbrot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, Stein REK, Laraque D. Guidelines for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care (GLAD-PC): Part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2018;141(3):e20174081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-4081.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"3184_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2482","volume":"175","author":"N Racine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2482.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"3184_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.0846","volume":"177","author":"S Madigan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madigan S, Racine N, Vaillancourt T, Korczak DJ, Hewitt JMA, Pador P, Park JL, McArthur BA, Holy C, Neville RD. Changes in depression and anxiety among children and adolescents from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(6):567\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.0846.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"3184_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2021-0046","volume":"8","author":"PJ Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen PJ, Pusica Y, Sohaei D, Prassas I, Diamandis EP. An overview of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diagnosis (Berl). 2021;8(4):403\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/dx-2021-0046.","journal-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3184_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su7103a3","volume":"71","author":"SE Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones SE, Ethier KA, Hertz M, DeGue S, Le VD, Thornton J, Lim C, Dittus PJ, Geda S. Mental health, suicidality, and connectedness among high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January\u2013June 2021. MMWR Suppl. 2022;71(3):16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.su7103a3.","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"3184_CR9","volume-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Survey data summary & trends report: 2013\u20132023","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Survey data summary & trends report: 2013\u20132023. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2024."},{"key":"3184_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.03.039","volume":"198","author":"RA Yockey","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yockey RA, Apu A, Grigsby T, Bleasdale J, Mattingly DT, Hoopsick R. Decreasing prevalence in youth depressive episodes: evidence from the 2021\u20132024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. J Psychiatr Res. 2026;198:188\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.03.039.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3184_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brody DJ, Hughes JP. Depression prevalence in adolescents and adults: United States, August 2021\u2013August 2023. NCHS Data Brief. 2025;5271\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc\/174579.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/174579"},{"issue":"9","key":"3184_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.9.1548","volume":"159","author":"SH Kataoka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kataoka SH, Zhang L, Wells KB. Unmet need for mental health care among U.S. children: variation by ethnicity and insurance status. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(9):1548\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.9.1548.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3184_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.006","volume":"50","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swendsen J, Avenevoli S, Case B, Georgiades K, Heaton L, Swanson S, Olfson M. Service utilization for lifetime mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results of the National Comorbidity Survey\u2013Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(1):32\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.006.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3184_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1878","volume":"138","author":"R Mojtabai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B. National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016;138(6):e20161878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-1878.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"21","key":"3184_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1413512","volume":"372","author":"M Olfson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olfson M, Druss BG, Marcus SC. Trends in mental health care among children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):2029\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa1413512.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3184_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.11.004","volume":"50","author":"JR Cummings","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cummings JR, Druss BG. Racial\/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adolescents with major depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(2):160\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.11.004.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"3184_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.3996","volume":"177","author":"MW Flores","year":"2023","unstructured":"Flores MW, Sharp A, Carson NJ, Cook BL. Estimates of major depressive disorder and treatment among adolescents by race and ethnicity. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(11):1215\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.3996.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"3184_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.05.016","volume":"53","author":"JR Cummings","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cummings JR, Case BG, Ji X, Chae DH, Druss BG. Racial\/ethnic differences in perceived reasons for mental health treatment in U.S. adolescents with major depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(9):980\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.05.016.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3184_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731416662736","volume":"46","author":"L Marrast","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marrast L, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care for children and young adults: a national study. Int J Health Serv. 2016;46(4):810\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020731416662736.","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"issue":"7","key":"3184_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.09.420","volume":"61","author":"CRR Rodgers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodgers CRR, Flores MW, Bassey O, Augenblick JM, Cook BL. Racial\/ethnic disparity trends in children\u2019s mental health care access and expenditures from 2010 to 2017: disparities remain despite sweeping policy reform. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;61(7):915\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.09.420.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3184_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.021","volume":"202","author":"BA Nestor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nestor BA, Cheek SM, Liu RT. Ethnic and racial differences in mental health service utilization for suicidal ideation and behavior in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.021.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3184_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.5399","volume":"173","author":"DG Whitney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whitney DG, Peterson MD. U.S. national and state-level prevalence of mental health disorders and disparities of mental health care use in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(4):389\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.5399.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"3184_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.08.026","volume":"70","author":"M Daly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daly M. Prevalence of depression among adolescents in the U.S. from 2009 to 2019: analysis of trends by sex, race\/ethnicity, and income. J Adolesc Health. 2022;70(3):496\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.08.026.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"3184_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.16612","volume":"8","author":"Y Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma Y, Ramos C, Wen H, Cummings JR. Racial and ethnic differences in mental health service use among adolescents. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(6):e2516612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.16612.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10077","key":"3184_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","volume":"389","author":"ZD Bailey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Ag\u00e9nor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1453\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3184_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.04.001","volume":"101","author":"AM Planey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Planey AM, McNeil Smith S, Moore S, Walker TD. Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking among African American youth and their families: a systematic review study. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019;101:190\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.04.001.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3184_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201800428","volume":"70","author":"MM Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali MM, Sherman LJ, Lynch S, Teich J, Mutter R. Differences in utilization of mental health treatment among children and adolescents with Medicaid or private insurance. Psychiatr Serv. 2019;70(4):329\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201800428.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"3184_CR28","volume-title":"2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): methodological summary and definitions","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2022","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): methodological summary and definitions. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2022."},{"key":"3184_CR29","volume-title":"2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): methodological summary and definitions","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2023","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): methodological summary and definitions. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2023."},{"key":"3184_CR30","volume-title":"2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): methodological summary and definitions","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2024","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): methodological summary and definitions. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2024."},{"key":"3184_CR31","volume-title":"2024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): methodological summary and definitions","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2025","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. 2024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): methodological summary and definitions. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2025."},{"issue":"9596","key":"3184_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","volume":"370","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370(9596):1453\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 3","key":"3184_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.01.004","volume":"54","author":"CHA Andrilla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andrilla CHA, Patterson DG, Garberson LA, Coulthard C, Larson EH. Geographic variation in the supply of selected behavioral health providers. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(6 Suppl 3):S199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.01.004.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3184_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.2645","volume":"4","author":"JH Cantor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cantor JH, McBain RK, Ho PC, Bravata DM, Whaley C. Telehealth and in-person mental health service utilization and spending, 2019 to 2022. JAMA Health Forum. 2023;4(8):e232645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.2645.","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"10","key":"3184_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36979","volume":"6","author":"MM Kalmin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalmin MM, Cantor JH, Bravata DM, Ho PC, Whaley C, McBain RK. Utilization and spending on mental health services among children and youths with commercial insurance. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2336979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36979.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03184-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03184-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03184-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1790654053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03184-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["3184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03184-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study used publicly available, fully de-identified secondary data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health and did not involve any interaction or intervention with human participants by the investigators. In accordance with institutional and national guidelines, secondary analyses of such publicly available, de-identified data do not constitute human-subjects research requiring ethics committee approval. The study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. Informed consent was obtained from respondents (and, for minors, from a parent or guardian) by the data collectors at the time of the original survey; no additional consent was required for this secondary analysis of de-identified data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. The manuscript contains no individually identifiable data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}