{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:57:51Z","timestamp":1791385071082,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH122010-01S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH122010-01S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-026-03220-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:25:03Z","timestamp":1791383103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial Discrimination and PTSD Symptoms Among Black Women: The Mediating Roles of Anxiety and Depression"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0613-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine G.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"DiFranceisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijou R.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3220_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000339","volume":"74","author":"NJ Sibrava","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sibrava NJ, Bjornsson AS, P\u00e9rez Ben\u00edtez ACI, Moitra E, Weisberg RB, Keller MB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in African American and Latinx adults: Clinical course and the role of racial and ethnic discrimination. Am Psychol. 2019;74:101\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000339.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"3220_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000401","volume":"41","author":"AL Roberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts AL, Gilman SE, Breslau J, Breslau N, Koenen KC. Race\/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychol Med. 2011;41:71\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291710000401.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3220_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.002","volume":"23","author":"JA Himle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Himle JA, Baser RE, Taylor RJ, Campbell RD, Jackson JS. Anxiety disorders among African Americans, blacks of Caribbean descent, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:578\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.002.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"3220_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-021-01141-4","volume":"24","author":"RL Gluck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gluck RL, Hartzell GE, Dixon HD, Michopoulos V, Powers A, Stevens JS, et al. Trauma exposure and stress-related disorders in a large, urban, predominantly African-American, female sample. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2021;24:893\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-021-01141-4.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"3220_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keane TM, Marx BP, Sloan DM. Post-traumatic stress disorder: Definition, prevalence, and risk factors. In: Post-traumatic stress disorder [Internet]. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2009 [cited 2026 May 5]. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-60327-329-9_1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-329-9_1"},{"key":"3220_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.11.010","volume":"25","author":"RH Pietrzak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pietrzak RH, Goldstein RB, Southwick SM, Grant BF. Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:456\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.11.010.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"3220_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.10.008","volume":"61","author":"SE Valentine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valentine SE, Marques L, Wang Y, Ahles EM, Dixon De Silva L, Alegr\u00eda M. Gender differences in exposure to potentially traumatic events and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by racial and ethnic group. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2019;61:60\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.10.008.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"3220_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:674\u201397.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3220_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2307\/2137286","volume":"36","author":"IH Meyer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Meyer IH. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36:38\u201356.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"3220_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2307\/2676349","volume":"40","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:208\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2676349.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"3220_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114877","volume":"317","author":"P Baiden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baiden P, LaBrenz CA, Onyeaka HK, Muoghalu C, Nicholas JK, Spoor SP, et al. Perceived racial discrimination and suicidal behaviors among racial and ethnic minority adolescents in the United States: Findings from the 2021 adolescent behaviors and experiences survey. Psychiatry Res. 2022;317:114877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114877","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3220_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12625","volume":"80","author":"DL Stamps","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stamps DL. Anti-Blackness and psychological stress: The application of critical race psychology and minority stress theory among Black communities. J Soc Issues. 2024;80:761\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josi.12625.","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"3220_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684319828288","volume":"43","author":"AT Moody","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moody AT, Lewis JA. Gendered racial microaggressions and traumatic stress symptoms among black women. Psychol Women Q. 2019;43:201\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684319828288.","journal-title":"Psychol Women Q"},{"key":"3220_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2023.0004","volume":"34","author":"ADF Sherman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sherman ADF, Cimino AN, Balthazar M, Johnson KB, Burns DD, Verissimo ADO, et al. Discrimination, sexual violence, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social support among black women. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2023;34:35\u201357.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"3220_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0270","volume":"74","author":"BS McEwen","year":"2017","unstructured":"McEwen BS. Allostasis and the epigenetics of brain and body health over the life course: The brain on stress. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:551\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0270.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3220_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brownlow BN. How racism gets under the skin: An examination of the physical- and mental-health costs of culturally compelled coping. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2022;17456916221113762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17456916221113762.","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221113762"},{"key":"3220_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30120-6","volume":"104","author":"OK Duru","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duru OK, Harawa NT, Kermah D, Norris KC. Allostatic load burden and racial disparities in mortality. J Natl Med Assoc. 2012;104:89\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30120-6.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"3220_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039077","volume":"7","author":"HF Myers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Myers HF, Wyatt GE, Ullman JB, Loeb TB, Chin D, Prause N, et al. Cumulative burden of lifetime adversities: Trauma and mental health in low-SES African Americans and Latino\/as. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2015;7:243\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0039077","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy"},{"key":"3220_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07540-2","volume":"37","author":"L Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi L, Zhang D, Martin E, Chen Z, Li H, Han X, et al. Racial discrimination, mental health and behavioral health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey in the United States. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37:2496\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-022-07540-2","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"3220_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8040071","volume":"8","author":"S Assari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assari S, Preiser B, Lankarani MM, Caldwell CH. Subjective socioeconomic status moderates the association between discrimination and depression in African American Youth. Brain Sci. 2018;8:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci8040071.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"3220_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7040075","volume":"7","author":"S Assari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Assari S, Moghani Lankarani M, Caldwell CH. Discrimination increases suicidal ideation in black adolescents regardless of ethnicity and gender. Behav Sci. 2017;7:75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs7040075","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"3220_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.031","volume":"97","author":"DL Hudson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hudson DL, Puterman E, Bibbins-Domingo K, Matthews KA, Adler NE. Race, life course socioeconomic position, racial discrimination, depressive symptoms and self-rated health. Soc Sci Med. 2013;97:7\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.07.031.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3220_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2023.100218","volume":"3","author":"KG Quinn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quinn KG, Harris M, Sherrod D, Hunt BR, Jacobs J, Valencia J, et al. The COVID-19, racism, and violence syndemic: Evidence from a qualitative study with Black residents of Chicago. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023;3:100218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2023.100218","journal-title":"SSM Qual Res Health"},{"key":"3220_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soto JA, Dawson-Andoh NA, BeLue R. The relationship between perceived discrimination and generalized anxiety disorder among African Americans, Afro Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic Whites. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.09.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.09.011"},{"key":"3220_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0291965","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291965","volume":"18","author":"YI Nillni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nillni YI, Horenstein A, McClendon J, Duke CC, Sawdy M, Galovski TE. The impact of perceived everyday discrimination and income on racial and ethnic disparities in PTSD, depression, and anxiety among veterans. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0291965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0291965.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3220_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.064543","volume":"96","author":"AJ Schulz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schulz AJ, Gravlee CC, Williams DR, Israel BA, Mentz G, Rowe Z, Discrimination. symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1265\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2005.064543.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3220_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033857","volume":"33","author":"FX Gibbons","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gibbons FX, Kingsbury JH, Weng CY, Gerrard M, Cutrona C, Wills TA, et al. Effects of perceived racial discrimination on health status and health behavior: A differential mediation hypothesis. Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc. 2014;33:11\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033857","journal-title":"Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc"},{"key":"3220_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020040","volume":"57","author":"AL Pieterse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pieterse AL, Carter RT, Evans SA, Walter RA. An exploratory examination of the associations among racial and ethnic discrimination, racial climate, and trauma-related symptoms in a college student population. J Couns Psychol. 2010;57:255\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020040","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"3220_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247054702211495","DOI":"10.1177\/24705470221149511","volume":"7","author":"M Williams","year":"2023","unstructured":"Williams M, Osman M, Hyon C. Understanding the psychological impact of oppression using the trauma symptoms of discrimination scale. Chronic Stress. 2023;7:24705470221149511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/24705470221149511.","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"},{"key":"3220_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2020.1869098","volume":"22","author":"Y Mekawi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mekawi Y, Carter S, Brown B, Martinez de Andino A, Fani N, Michopoulos V, et al. Interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder among black women: Does racial discrimination matter? J Trauma Dissociation. 2021;22:154\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15299732.2020.1869098","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"3220_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirkinis K, Pieterse AL, Martin C, Agiliga A, Brownell A. Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: a systematic review of the social science literature. Ethn Health. 2021;26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13557858.2018.1514453.","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2018.1514453"},{"key":"3220_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21897","volume":"27","author":"KC Irwin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Irwin KC, Konnert C, Wong M, O\u2019Neill TA. PTSD symptoms and pain in Canadian military veterans: The mediating roles of anxiety, depression, and alcohol use. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27:175\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.21897.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"3220_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18388","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v3i0.18388","volume":"3","author":"K Backholm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Backholm K, Bj\u00f6rkqvist K. The mediating effect of depression between exposure to potentially traumatic events and PTSD in news journalists. Eur J Psychotraumatology. 2012;3:18388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v3i0.18388.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"3220_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22670","volume":"34","author":"CM Bird","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bird CM, Webb EK, Schramm AT, Torres L, Larson C, deRoon-Cassini TA. Racial discrimination is associated with acute posttraumatic stress symptoms and predicts future posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity in trauma-exposed black adults in the United States. J Trauma Stress. 2021;34:995\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22670.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"3220_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quinn KG, Hunt BR, Jacobs J, Valencia J, Voisin D, Walsh JL. Examining the relationship between anti-black racism, Community and police violence, and COVID-19 vaccination. Behav Med Wash DC. 2023;1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08964289.2023.2244626","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2023.2244626"},{"key":"3220_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02733-x","author":"ML Neal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neal ML, DiFranceisco W, Hirschtick J, Jacobs J, Hunt B, Schmitt M, et al. Low risk, high stakes: Factors associated with low COVID-19 risk perception among black Chicago residents. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-025-02733-x","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"3220_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","volume":"2","author":"DR Williams","year":"1997","unstructured":"Williams DR, Yan Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2:335\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135910539700200305","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"3220_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zuromski KL, Ustun B, Hwang I, Keane TM, Marx BP, Stein MB, et al. Developing an optimal short-form of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Depress Anxiety. 2019;36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22942.","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22942"},{"key":"3220_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, L\u00f6we B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3220_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"3220_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17","volume":"3","author":"Z Bursac","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17.","journal-title":"Source Code Biol Med"},{"key":"3220_CR42","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"R Kline","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kline R. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford; 2015."},{"key":"3220_CR43","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"JF Hair Jr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hair JF Jr, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson; 2010.","edition":"7"},{"key":"3220_CR44","first-page":"416p","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Second Edition","author":"BM Byrne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Byrne BM. Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, second edition. New York, NY: Routledge; 2010. p. 416p."},{"key":"3220_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2632","volume":"72","author":"AL Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts AL, Agnew-Blais JC, Spiegelman D, Kubzansky LD, Mason SM, Galea S, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a sample of women: a 22-year longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:203\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2632","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3220_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1920476","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.20476","volume":"3","author":"I Giesinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giesinger I, Li J, Takemoto E, Cone JE, Farfel MR, Brackbill RM. Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among responders and civilians following the September 11, 2001, disaster. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e1920476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.20476","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3220_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2016.09.001","volume":"43","author":"CJ Nobles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nobles CJ, Valentine SE, Gerber MW, Shtasel DL, Marques L. Predictors of treatment utilization and unmet treatment need among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder from a national sample. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;43:38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2016.09.001","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"3220_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22620","volume":"34","author":"AL Roberts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roberts AL, Koenen KC, Chen Q, Gilsanz P, Mason SM, Prescott J, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and accelerated aging: PTSD and leukocyte telomere length in a sample of civilian women. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34:391\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22620","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"3220_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02704-y","volume":"14","author":"KJ Bourassa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bourassa KJ, Garrett ME, Caspi A, Dennis M, Hall KS, Moffitt TE, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder, trauma, and accelerated biological aging among post-9\/11 veterans. Transl Psychiatry. 2024;14:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-023-02704-y","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3220_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001197","volume":"85","author":"KJ Bourassa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bourassa KJ, Caspi A, Brennan GM, Hall KS, Harrington H, Houts R, et al. Which types of stress are associated with accelerated biological aging? Comparing perceived stress, stressful life events, childhood adversity, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosom Med. 2023;85:389\u201396 .0000000000001197.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"3220_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2022.07.001","volume":"30","author":"MT Williams","year":"2023","unstructured":"Williams MT, Holmes S, Zare M, Haeny A, Faber S. An evidence-based approach for treating stress and trauma due to racism. Cogn Behav Pract. 2023;30:565\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpra.2022.07.001","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Pract"},{"key":"3220_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025266","volume":"58","author":"RR Cabral","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cabral RR, Smith TB. Racial\/ethnic matching of clients and therapists in mental health services: a meta-analytic review of preferences, perceptions, and outcomes. J Couns Psychol. 2011;58:537\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025266","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"3220_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Internet]. 5th Edition, text rev. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2022 [cited 2026 May 12]. Available from: https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/book\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"3220_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118090","volume":"375","author":"TC Saraiya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saraiya TC, Bauer AG, Banks DE, Brown DG, Jarnecke AM, Ebrahimi CT, et al. Are we gatekeeping trauma? A conceptual model to expand criterion A for invisible, identity-based, and systemic traumas. Soc Sci Med. 2025;375:118090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118090.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3220_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.23016","volume":"37","author":"MA Allwood","year":"2024","unstructured":"Allwood MA. Moving forward with a culturally inclusive PTSD Criterion A: Commentary on Marx et al. (2023). J Trauma Stress. 2024;37:16\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.23016.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"3220_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.12.029","volume":"138","author":"KL Chou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chou KL. Perceived discrimination and depression among new migrants to Hong Kong: the moderating role of social support and neighborhood collective efficacy. J Affect Disord. 2012;138:63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2011.12.029.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3220_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016059","volume":"135","author":"EA Pascoe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135:531.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3220_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2010.484050","volume":"15","author":"KJ Ajrouch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ajrouch KJ, Reisine S, Lim S, Sohn W, Ismail A. Perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress: does social support matter? Ethn Health. 2010;15:417\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13557858.2010.484050.","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"3220_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01837-6","volume":"11","author":"KG Quinn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Quinn KG, Hunt B, Jacobs J, Valencia J, Hirschtick J, Walsh JL. Community cohesion, social support, and mental health among black individuals in Chicago: A cross-sectional examination of the effects on COVID-19 vaccination. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2024;11:3864\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-023-01837-6.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"3220_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.181586","volume":"100","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA, Hatzenbuehler ML, Keyes KM. Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among black, hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:1477\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.181586.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3220_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798412469227","volume":"40","author":"AH Seawell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seawell AH, Cutrona CE, Russell DW. The effects of general social support and social support for racial discrimination on African American women\u2019s well-being. J Black Psychol. 2014;40:3\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095798412469227.","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"key":"3220_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115070","volume":"316","author":"AD Perez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perez AD, Dufault SM, Spears EC, Chae DH, Woods-Giscombe CL, Allen AM. Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism. Soc Sci Med. Complex effects of racism and discrimination on African Americans\u2019 health and well-being: Navigating the Status Quo. 2023;316:115070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115070","journal-title":"Complex Effects of Racism and Discrimination on African Americans\u2019 Health and Well-Being: Navigating the Status Quo."},{"key":"3220_CR63","first-page":"1124","volume":"9","author":"C Woods-Giscombe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woods-Giscombe C, Robinson MN, Carthon D, Devane-Johnson S, Corbie-Smith G. Superwoman Schema, Stigma, Spirituality, and culturally sensitive providers: Factors influencing African American women\u2019s use of mental health services. J Best Pract Health Prof Divers Res Educ Policy. 2016;9:1124\u201344.","journal-title":"J Best Pract Health Prof Divers Res Educ Policy"},{"key":"3220_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2023.04.008","volume":"46","author":"CL Woods-Giscombe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Woods-Giscombe CL, Williams KP, Conklin J, Dodd A, Bravo L, Anderson AM, et al. A scoping review of the concept of resilience among African American women. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2023;46:107\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apnu.2023.04.008.","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"3220_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14188","volume":"1457","author":"AM Allen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allen AM, Wang Y, Chae DH, Price MM, Powell W, Steed TC, et al. Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: exploring an integrative stress-coping model among African American women. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1457:104\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.14188.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"3220_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000467","volume":"11","author":"SK Dale","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dale SK, Safren SA. Gendered racial microaggressions predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and cognitions among black women living with HIV. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2019;11:685\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000467.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03220-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03220-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03220-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:25:06Z","timestamp":1791383106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03220-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["3220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03220-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures were reviewed and approved by the Medical College of Wisconsin IRB.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants completed the informed consent process prior to participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The informed consent process included consent to publish data from this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}