{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:41:01Z","timestamp":1792194061429,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-026-03230-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:47:57Z","timestamp":1792190877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnic Identity and Chronic Disease Among Asian Americans: The Roles of Community Social Cohesion, Social Networks, and Ethnic Subgroup Differences"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7613-7453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvina","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7844-9495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivy K.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3230_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control [CDC]. About chronic diseases | chronic disease | CDC. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/chronic-disease\/about\/index.html"},{"key":"3230_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO]. Noncommunicable diseases. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/noncommunicable-diseases"},{"key":"3230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7249\/TL221","author":"C Buttorff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buttorff C, Ruder T, Bauman M. Multiple chronic conditions in the United States. RAND Corporation. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7249\/TL221.","journal-title":"RAND Corporation"},{"key":"3230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/787616","volume":"2013","author":"JH Price","year":"2013","unstructured":"Price JH, Khubchandani J, McKinney M, Braun R. Racial\/ethnic disparities in chronic diseases of youths and access to health care in the United States. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/787616","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1891\/0739-6686.22.1.135","volume":"22","author":"MC Esperat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Esperat MC, Inouye J, Gonzalez EW, Owen DC, Feng D. Health disparities among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Annu Rev Nurs Res. 2004;22(1):135\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0739-6686.22.1.135.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxad007","volume":"45","author":"GC Gee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gee GC, Chien J, Sharif MZ, Penaia C, Tran E. East is east \u2026 or is it? Racialization of Asian, Middle Eastern, and Pacific Islander persons. Epidemiol Rev. 2023;45(1):93\u2013104.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7683-3","volume":"19","author":"NP Gordon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gordon NP, Lin TY, Rau J, Lo JC. Aggregation of Asian-American subgroups masks meaningful differences in health and health risks among Asian ethnicities: an electronic health record based cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7683-3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"3230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4471-1","volume":"33","author":"EJ Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim EJ, Kim T, Conigliaro J, Liebschutz JM, Paasche-Orlow MK, Hanchate AD. Racial and ethnic disparities in diagnosis of chronic medical conditions in the USA. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(7):1116\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-018-4471-1.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01164-8","volume":"9","author":"S Yom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yom S, Lor M. Advancing health disparities research: The need to include Asian American subgroup populations. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2022;9(6):2248\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-021-01164-8.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619896252","volume":"15","author":"CJ Hook","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hook CJ, Rose Markus H. Health in the United States: Are Appeals to Choice and Personal Responsibility Making Americans Sick? Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020;15(3):643\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691619896252.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa114","volume":"76","author":"MA Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia MA, Homan PA, Garc\u00eda C, Brown TH. The Color of COVID-19: Structural Racism and the Disproportionate Impact of the Pandemic on Older Black and Latinx Adults. J Gerontol Ser B. 2021;76(3):e75\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa114.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B"},{"key":"3230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-51018-1_26","volume-title":"The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Social Psychology","author":"AC Lyons","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lyons AC, Chamberlain K. Critical health psychology. In: Gough B, editor. The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Social Psychology. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2017. pp. 533\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/978-1-137-51018-1_26."},{"issue":"10","key":"3230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.844","volume":"34","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner U. Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. Am Psychol. 1979;34(10):844\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.844.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"3230_CR14","unstructured":"Nguyen CP, Wong YJ. The influence of ethnic identity on Asian Americans\u2019 well-being: A critical review of the literature. Psychology of well-being: theory, perspectives and practice. Nova Science; 2013; 65\u201375."},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12200","volume":"85","author":"D Rivas-Drake","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rivas-Drake D, et al. Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Dev. 2014;85(1):40\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.12200.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034811","volume":"5","author":"GL Stein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stein GL, Kiang L, Supple AJ, Gonzalez LM. Ethnic identity as a protective factor in the lives of Asian American adolescents. Asian Am J Psychol. 2014;5(3):206\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034811.","journal-title":"Asian Am J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134601","volume":"34","author":"KP Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith KP, Christakis NA. Social networks and health. Annu Rev Sociol. 2008;34(1):405\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134601.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"3230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chuang Y-C, Chuang K-Y, Yang T-H. Social cohesion matters in health. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-9276-12-87.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-87"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11633-8","volume":"21","author":"AM Rosenblatt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosenblatt AM, Crews DC, Powe NR, Zonderman AB, Evans MK, Tuot DS Association between neighborhood social cohesion, awareness of chronic diseases, and participation in healthy behaviors in a community cohort. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11633-8.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"3230_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.11.1977","volume":"94","author":"SL Gomez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gomez SL, Kelsey JL, Glaser SL, Lee MM, Sidney S. Immigration and Acculturation in Relation to Health and Health-Related Risk Factors Among Specific Asian Subgroups in a Health Maintenance Organization. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(11):1977\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.94.11.1977.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vien M. Vietnamese American health \u2013 chronic disease and COVID-19: A discussion of structural factors as health policies. J Asian Health. 2022;2(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59448\/jah.v2i1.17.","DOI":"10.59448\/jah.v2i1.17"},{"key":"3230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subedi B. The racialization of South Asian Americans in a post-9\/11 era. in Handbook of critical race theory in education. Routledge; 2013. pp. 187\u2013200.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203155721-22"},{"key":"3230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goh JX, McCue J. Perceived prototypicality of Asian subgroups in the United States and the United Kingdom. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2021;97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2021.104201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2021.104201"},{"key":"3230_CR24","first-page":"123","volume":"15","author":"D Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim D. The Growing Up Asian American Tag: An Asian American Networked Counterpublic on YouTube. Int J Communication. 2021;15:123\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Communication"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2015.0059","volume":"56","author":"SD Museus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Museus SD, Park JJ. The Continuing Significance of Racism in the Lives of Asian American College Students. J Coll Stud Dev. 2015;56(6):551\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/csd.2015.0059.","journal-title":"J Coll Stud Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/17513050903428109","volume":"3","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang Q. Asian Americans beyond the model miinority stereotype: The nerdy and the left out. J Int Intercult Commun. 2010;3(1):20\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17513050903428109.","journal-title":"J Int Intercult Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-022-00283-y","volume":"9","author":"GC Gee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gee GC, Morey BN, Bacong AM, Doan TT, Penaia CS. Considerations of racism and data equity among asian Americans. Native Hawaiians, and pacific islanders in the context of COVID-19. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2022;9(2):77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-022-00283-y","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000857","volume":"76","author":"T Yip","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yip T, Cheah CSL, Kiang L, Hall GCN. Rendered invisible: Are Asian Americans a model or a marginalized minority? Am Psychol. 2021;76(4):575\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000857.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"3230_CR29","unstructured":"Engagement AC. Final Report of the Asian American Quality of Life (AAQoL). Austin Open Data Portal. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/data.austintexas.gov\/dataset\/Final-Report-of-the-Asian-American-Quality-of-Life\/hc5t-p62z\/about_data"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503","volume":"46","author":"J Lubben","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lubben J, et al. Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben social network scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. Gerontologist. 2006;46(4):503\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"3230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/000312249906400501","volume":"65","author":"RJ Sampson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Earls F. Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. Am Sociol Rev. 1999;65(5):633\u201360.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"3230_CR32","unstructured":"Core Team R, Language RA, and environment for statistical computing. (2023). R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"3230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Senaviratna NAMR, Cooray TMJA. Diagnosing multicollinearity of logistic regression model. Asian J Probab Stat. 2019;1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/ajpas\/2019\/v5i230132.","DOI":"10.9734\/ajpas\/2019\/v5i230132"},{"key":"3230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1145-5","volume":"20","author":"M Kataoka-Yahiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kataoka-Yahiro M, Davis J, Gandhi K, Rhee CM, Page V. Asian Americans & chronic kidney disease in a nationally representative cohort. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-018-1145-5.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.55.1.63","volume":"55","author":"HC Yoo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoo HC, Lee RM. Does ethnic identity buffer or exacerbate the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational well-being of Asian Americans? J Couns Psychol. 2008;55(1):63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.55.1.63.","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000435","volume":"68","author":"AL Atkin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atkin AL, Yoo HC. Patterns of racial-ethnic socialization in Asian American families: Associations with racial-ethnic identity and social connectedness. J Couns Psychol. 2021;68(1):17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cou0000435.","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21224","volume":"23","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J. Social connection as a critical factor for mental and physical health: evidence, trends, challenges, and future implications. World Psychiatry. 2024;23(3):312\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.21224.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1002\/lim2.91","volume":"4","author":"AS Proctor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Proctor AS, Barth A, Holt-Lunstad J. A healthy lifestyle is a social lifestyle: The vital link between social connection and health outcomes. Lifestyle Med. 2023;4(4):e91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lim2.91.","journal-title":"Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"3230_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106298","volume":"141","author":"SH Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali SH, et al. Neighborhood social cohesion and disease prevention in Asian immigrant populations. Prev Med. 2020;141:106298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106298.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0308-8","volume":"18","author":"PA Lagisetty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lagisetty PA, Wen M, Choi H, Heisler M, Kanaya AM, Kandula NR. Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Prevalence of Hypertension and Diabetes in a South Asian Population. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(6):1309\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-015-0308-8.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"3230_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.10.020","volume":"194","author":"E Villalonga-Olives","year":"2017","unstructured":"Villalonga-Olives E, Kawachi I. The dark side of social capital: A systematic review of the negative health effects of social capital. Soc Sci Med. 2017;194:105\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.10.020.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01069.x","volume":"81","author":"M Gapen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gapen M, et al. Perceived neighborhood disorder, community cohesion, and PTSD symptoms among low-income African Americans in an urban health setting. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2011;81(1):31\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01069.x.","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa227","volume":"44","author":"VJ McGowan","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGowan VJ, Akhter N, Halliday E, Popay J, Kasim A, Bambra C. Collective control, social cohesion and health and well-being: baseline survey results from the communities in control study in England. J Public Health. 2022;44(2):378\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa227.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"3230_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43076-024-00375-2","author":"J Dulai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dulai J, Jaspal R. Social Connectedness and Identity Resilience Buffer Against Minority Stress and Enhance Life Satisfaction in Ethnic and Sexual Minorities in the UK. Trends Psychol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43076-024-00375-2.","journal-title":"Trends Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-010-9358-0","volume":"13","author":"IK Ho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ho IK, Dinh KT. Cervical Cancer Screening Among Southeast Asian American Women. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(1):49\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-010-9358-0.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654307309918","volume":"77","author":"B Ngo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ngo B, Lee SJ. Complicating the Image of Model Minority Success: A Review of Southeast Asian American Education. Rev Educ Res. 2007;77(4):415\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654307309918.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2013.865291","volume":"29","author":"SK Carlisle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carlisle SK. Disaggregating race and ethnicity in chronic health conditions: Implications for public health social work. Soc Work Public Health. 2014;29(6):616\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19371918.2013.865291.","journal-title":"Soc Work Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12764","volume":"30","author":"A Brieant","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brieant A, Burt KB. The protective role of community cohesion across rural and urban contexts: implications for youth mental health. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2025;30(2):140\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/camh.12764.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00193-9","volume":"55","author":"C Campbell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell C, McLean C. Ethnic identities, social capital and health inequalities: factors shaping African-Caribbean participation in local community networks in the UK. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55(4):643\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00193-9.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03230-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03230-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03230-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:47:59Z","timestamp":1792190879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03230-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["3230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-026-03230-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2197-3792","2196-8837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2197-3792","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-8837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study involved secondary analysis of de-identified survey data collected under prior institutional review board approval.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no relevant financial or non-financial interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}