{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:52:03Z","timestamp":1793163123706,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007052","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Endocrinol Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T15:10:46Z","timestamp":1594307446000},"page":"233-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Insulin resistance and PCOS: chicken or egg?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3951-0297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Moghetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1351_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh098","volume":"19","author":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004) Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Hum Reprod 19:41\u201347","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1351_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.05.003","volume":"106","author":"D Lizneva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lizneva D, Suturina L, Walker W, Brakta S, Gavrilova-Jordan L, Azziz R (2016) Criteria, prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 106:6\u201315","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"1351_CR3","volume-title":"Definition, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1999","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1999) Definition, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"1351_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex308","volume":"32","author":"F Tosi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tosi F, Bonora E, Moghetti P (2017) Insulin resistance in a large cohort of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a comparison between euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp and surrogate indexes. Hum Reprod 32:2515\u20132521","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1351_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E628","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3908","volume":"98","author":"P Moghetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moghetti P, Tosi F, Bonin C, Di Sarra D, Fiers T, Kaufman JM, Giagulli VA, Signori C, Zambotti F, Dall'Alda M, Spiazzi G, Zanolin ME, Bonora E (2013) Divergences in insulin resistance between the different phenotypes of the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:E628\u2013637","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1045","volume":"90","author":"T Apridonidze","year":"2005","unstructured":"Apridonidze T, Essah PA, Iuorno MJ, Nestler JE (2005) Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1929\u20131935","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew243","volume":"31","author":"S Cassar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cassar S, Misso ML, Hopkins WG, Shaw CS, Teede HJ, Stepto NK (2016) Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis of euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies. Hum Reprod 31:2619\u20132631","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1351_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118126","volume":"96","author":"A Dunaif","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dunaif A, Xia J, Book CB, Schenker E, Tang Z (1995) Excessive insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts and in skeletal muscle. A potential mechanism for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Investig 96:801\u2013810","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"1351_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-0453","volume":"55","author":"A Corbould","year":"2006","unstructured":"Corbould A, Zhao H, Mirzoeva S, Aird F, Dunaif A (2006) Enhanced mitogenic signalling in skeletal muscle of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 55:751\u2013759","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1351_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1034","volume":"33","author":"E Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Dunaif A (2012) Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocr Rev 33:981\u20131030","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"1351_CR11","first-page":"1291","volume":"13","author":"TP Ciaraldi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ciaraldi TP (2000) Molecular defects of insulin action in the polycystic ovary syndrome: possible tissue specificity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13(Suppl 5):1291\u20131293","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0706","volume":"57","author":"K H\u00f8jlund","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00f8jlund K, Glintborg D, Andersen NR, Birk JB, Treebak JT, Fr\u00f8sig C, Beck-Nielsen H, Wojtaszewski JF (2008) Impaired insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and AS160 in skeletal muscle of women with polycystic ovary syndrome is reversed by pioglitazone treatment. Diabetes 57:357\u2013366","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1351_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01771","volume":"104","author":"SL Hansen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hansen SL, Svendsen PF, Jeppesen JF, Hoeg LD, Andersen NR, Kristensen JM, Nilas L, Lundsgaard AM, Wojtaszewski JFP, Madsbad S, Kiens B (2019) Molecular mechanisms in skeletal muscle underlying insulin resistance in women who are lean with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104:1841\u20131854","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0178","volume":"19","author":"VL Nelson-Degrave","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nelson-Degrave VL, Wickenheisser JK, Hendricks KL, Asano T, Fujishiro M, Legro RS, Kimball SR, Strauss JF 3rd, McAllister JM (2005) Alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and extracellular regulated kinase signaling in theca cells contribute to excessive androgen production in polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Endocrinol 19:379\u2013390","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"1351_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0197","volume":"159","author":"DA Dumesic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dumesic DA, Hoyos LR, Chazenbalk GD, Naik R, Padmanabhan V, Abbott DH (2020) Mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproduction 159:R1\u2013R13","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"1351_CR16","unstructured":"Johnson T, Kaplan L, Ouyang P, Rizza P (2012) National Institutes of Health evidence-based methodology workshop on polycystic ovary syndrome. NIH EbMW reports. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 1:1\u201314. https:\/\/www.prevention.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-06\/FinalReport.pdf. Accessed 31 Mar 2020"},{"key":"1351_CR17","first-page":"1052","volume":"78","author":"J Holte","year":"1994","unstructured":"Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, Berglund L, Lithell H (1994) Enhanced early insulin response to glucose in relation to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1052\u20131058","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des463","volume":"28","author":"NK Stepto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stepto NK, Cassar S, Joham AE, Hutchison SK, Harrison CL, Goldstein RF, Teede HJ (2013) Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have intrinsic insulin resistance on euglycaemic\u2013hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Hum Reprod 28:777\u2013784","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1351_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2725","volume":"92","author":"E Carmina","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carmina E, Bucchieri S, Esposito A, Del Puente A, Mansueto P, Orio F, Di Fede G, Rini G (2007) Abdominal fat quantity and distribution in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and extent of its relation to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2500\u20132505","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2586","volume":"101","author":"DA Dumesic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dumesic DA, Akopians AL, Madrigal VK, Ramirez E, Margolis DJ, Sarma MK, Thomas AM, Grogan TR, Haykal R, Schooler TA, Okeya BL, Abbott DH, Chazenbalk GD (2016) Hyperandrogenism accompanies increased intra-abdominal fat storage in normal weight polycystic ovary syndrome women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101:4178\u20134188","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E304","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1290","volume":"96","author":"L Manner\u00e5s-Holm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manner\u00e5s-Holm L, Leonhardt H, Kullberg J, Jennische E, Od\u00e9n A, Holm G, Hellstr\u00f6m M, L\u00f6nn L, Olivecrona G, Stener-Victorin E, L\u00f6nn M (2011) Adipose tissue has aberrant morphology and function in PCOS: enlarged adipocytes and low serum adiponectin, but not circulating sex steroids, are strongly associated with insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E304\u2013311","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2786","volume":"100","author":"F Tosi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tosi F, Di Sarra D, Kaufman JM, Bonin C, Moretta R, Bonora E, Zanolin E, Moghetti P (2015) Total body fat and central fat mass independently predict insulin resistance but not hyperandrogenemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:661\u2013669","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117955811987404","DOI":"10.1177\/1179558119874042","volume":"13","author":"TM Barber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barber TM, Hanson P, Weickert MO, Franks S (2019) Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: implications for pathogenesis and novel management strategies. Clin Med Insights Reprod Health 13:1179558119874042","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Reprod Health"},{"key":"1351_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1121","volume":"106","author":"D Lizneva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lizneva D, Kirubakaran R, Mykhalchenko K, Suturina L, Chernukha G, Diamond MP, Azziz R (2016) Phenotypes and body mass in women with polycystic ovary syndrome identified in referral versus unselected populations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 106:1510\u20131520.e2","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"1351_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey343","volume":"34","author":"MA Brower","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brower MA, Hai Y, Jones MR, Guo X, Chen Y-DI, Rotter JI, Krauss RM, Legro RS, Azziz R, Goodarzi MO (2019) Bidirectional Mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationships between body mass index and polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 34:127\u2013136","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1351_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgaa25","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa125","volume":"105","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Xu Y, Wang X, Xu L, Chen J, Gao C et al (2020) Body mass index and polycystic ovary syndrome: a 2-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:dgaa25","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR27","first-page":"dgz326","volume":"105","author":"YY Joo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joo YY, Actkins K, Pacheco JA, Basile AO, Carroll R, Crosslin DR et al (2020) A polygenic and phenotypic risk prediction for polycystic ovary syndrome evaluated by phenome-wide association studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:dgz326","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmq001","volume":"16","author":"LJ Moran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, Norman RJ (2010) Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 16:347\u2013363","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"1351_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1360","volume":"61","author":"A Gambineri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gambineri A, Patton L, Altieri P, Pagotto U, Pizzi C, Manzoli L, Pasquali R (2012) Polycystic ovary syndrome is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: results from a long-term prospective study. Diabetes 61:2369\u20132374","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1351_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-1108","volume":"172","author":"D Glintborg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glintborg D, Hass Rubin K, Nybo M, Abrahamsen B, Andersen M (2015) Morbidity and medicine prescriptions in a nationwide Danish population of patients diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 172:627\u2013638","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1351_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1738","volume":"42","author":"NS Kakoly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kakoly NS, Earnest A, Teede HJ, Moran LJ, Joham AE (2019) The impact of obesity on the incidence of type 2 diabetes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care 42:560\u2013567","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1351_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00884.x","volume":"52","author":"JJ Conn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Conn JJ, Jacobs HS, Conway GS (2000) The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:81\u201386","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1351_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.1050","volume":"24","author":"HR Peppard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peppard HR, Marfori J, Iuorno MJ, Nestler JE (2001) Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 24:1050\u20131052","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1351_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-3-35","volume":"3","author":"AH Zargar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zargar AH, Gupta VK, Wani AI, Masoodi SR, Bashir MI, Laway BA, Ganie MA, Salahuddin M (2005) Prevalence of ultrasonography proved polycystic ovaries in North Indian women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3:35","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"1351_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.01.019","volume":"86","author":"F Kelestimur","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kelestimur F, Unluhizarci K, Baybuga H, Atmaca H, Bayram F, Sahin Y (2006) Prevalence of polycystic ovarian changes and polycystic ovary syndrome in premenopausal women with treated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fertil Steril 86:405\u2013410","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"1351_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5441-0_22","volume":"771","author":"P Marchetti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marchetti P, Bugliani M, Boggi U, Masini M, Marselli L (2012) The pancreatic beta cells in human type 2 diabetes. Adv Exp Med Biol 771:288\u2013309","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1351_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0832-1","volume":"41","author":"R Pasquali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pasquali R, Gambineri A (2018) New perspectives on the definition and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Investig 41:1123\u20131135","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"1351_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2807","volume":"101","author":"F Tosi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tosi F, Fiers T, Kaufman JM, Dall'Alda M, Moretta R, Giagulli VA, Bonora E, Moghetti P (2016) Implications of androgen assay accuracy in the phenotyping of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101:610\u2013618","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-8-1-1","volume":"8","author":"AD Mooradian","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Korenman SG (1987) Biological actions of androgens. Endocr Rev 8:1\u201328","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"1351_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3285","volume":"102","author":"MW O'Reilly","year":"2017","unstructured":"O'Reilly MW, Kempegowda P, Jenkinson C, Taylor AE, Quanson JL, Storbeck KH, Arlt W (2017) 11-Oxygenated C19 steroids are the predominant androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102:840\u2013848","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01525","volume":"103","author":"J Rege","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rege J, Turcu AF, Kasa-Vubu JZ, Lerario AM, Auchus GC, Auchus RJ, Smith JM, White PC, Rainey WE (2018) 11-Ketotestosterone is the dominant circulating bioactive androgen during normal and premature adrenarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103:4589\u20134598","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-1181","volume":"174","author":"AF Turcu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turcu AF, Nanba AT, Chomic R, Upadhyay SK, Giordano TJ, Shields JJ, Merke DP, Rainey WE, Auchus RJ (2016) Adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated 19-carbon steroids are the dominant androgens in classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 174:601\u2013609","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1351_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01014-9","volume":"42","author":"MH Dahan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dahan MH, Abbasi F, Reaven G (2019) Relationship between surrogate estimates and direct measurement of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Investig 42:987\u2013993","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"1351_CR44","first-page":"608","volume":"19","author":"WC Duckworth","year":"1998","unstructured":"Duckworth WC, Bennett RG, Hamel FG (1998) Insulin degradation: progress and potential. Endocr Rev 19:608\u2013624","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"1351_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90029-9","volume":"43","author":"CK Buffington","year":"1994","unstructured":"Buffington CK, Kitabchi AE (1994) Evidence for a defect in insulin metabolism in hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Metabolism 43:1367\u20131372","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1351_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgaa095","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa095","volume":"105","author":"F Tosi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tosi F, Dal Molin F, Zamboni F, Saggiorato E, Salvagno GL, Fiers T, Kaufman JM, Bonora E, Moghetti P (2020) Serum androgens are independent predictors of insulin clearance but not of insulin secretion in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:dgaa095 (E-pub ahead of print)","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14956","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14956","volume":"95","author":"RS Legro","year":"1998","unstructured":"Legro RS, Driscoll D, Strauss JF 3rd, Fox J, Dunaif A (1998) Evidence for a genetic basis for hyperandrogenemia in polycystic ovary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14956\u201314960","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1351_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602025103","volume":"103","author":"S Sam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sam S, Legro RS, Essah PA, Apridonidze T, Dunaif A (2006) Evidence for metabolic and reproductive phenotypes in mothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7030\u20137035","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1351_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2836","volume":"94","author":"T Sir-Petermann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sir-Petermann T, Codner E, P\u00e9rez V, Echibur\u00fa B, Maliqueo M, Ladr\u00f3n de Guevara A, Preisler J, Crisosto N, S\u00e1nchez F, Cassorla F, Bhasin S (2009) Metabolic and reproductive features before and during puberty in daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1923\u20131930","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.04.024","volume":"110","author":"B Yilmaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yilmaz B, Vellanki P, Ata B, Yildiz BO (2018) Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in mothers, fathers, sisters, and brothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 110:523\u2013533","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"1351_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1494","volume":"91","author":"JM Vink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vink JM, Sadrzadeh S, Lambalk CB, Boomsma DI (2006) Heritability of polycystic ovary syndrome in a Dutch twin-family study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:2100\u20132104","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"1351_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101606","volume":"8","author":"D Hiam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hiam D, Moreno-Asso A, Teede HJ, Laven JSE, Stepto NK, Moran LJ, Gibson-Helm M (2019) The genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview of candidate gene systematic reviews and genome-wide association studies. J Clin Med 8(10):1606","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1351_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007813","volume":"14","author":"F Day","year":"2018","unstructured":"Day F, Karaderi T, Jones MR et al (2018) Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria. PLoS Genet 14:e1007813","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"1351_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0728-5","volume":"41","author":"R Cannarella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Mongio\u00ec LM, La Vignera S, Calogero AE (2018) Does a male polycystic ovarian syndrome equivalent exist? J Endocrinol Investig 41:49\u201357","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"1351_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.04.082","volume":"706","author":"B Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen B, Xu P, Wang J, Zhang C (2019) The role of MiRNA in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Gene 706:91\u201396","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"1351_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00935","volume":"103","author":"E Nilsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nilsson E, Benrick A, Kokosar M, Krook A, Lindgren E, K\u00e4llman T, Martis MM, H\u00f8jlund K, Ling C, Stener-Victorin E (2018) Transcriptional and epigenetic changes influencing skeletal muscle metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103:4465\u20134477","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.01.011","volume":"86","author":"M Murri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murri M, Insenser M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Dur\u00e1n E, San-Mill\u00e1n JL, Luque-Ram\u00edrez M, Escobar-Morreale HF (2018) Non-targeted profiling of circulating microRNAs in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): effects of obesity and sex hormones. Metabolism 86:49\u201360","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1351_CR58","first-page":"dgaa060","volume":"105","author":"Q Che","year":"2020","unstructured":"Che Q, Liu M, Zhang D, Lu Y, Xu J, Lu X, Cao X, Liu Y, Dong X, Liu S (2020) Long noncoding RNA HUPCOS promotes follicular fluid androgen excess in PCOS patients via aromatase inhibition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:dgaa060","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0062","volume":"9","author":"T Vilari\u00f1o-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vilari\u00f1o-Garc\u00eda T, P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez A, Santamar\u00eda-L\u00f3pez E, Prados N, Fern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez M, S\u00e1nchez-Margalet V (2020) Sam68 mediates leptin signaling and action in human granulosa cells: possible role in leptin resistance in PCOS. Endocr Connect 9:479\u2013488","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"1351_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.02.023","volume":"111","author":"Q Che","year":"2019","unstructured":"Che Q, Liu M, Xu J, Liu Y, Cao X, Dong X, Liu S (2019) Characterization of circular RNA expression profiles in cumulus cells from patients withpolycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 111:1243\u20131251.e1","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"1351_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-18-0449","volume":"158","author":"ER V\u00e1zquez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Mart\u00ednez ER, G\u00f3mez-Viais YI, Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez E, Reyes-Mayoral C, Reyes-Mu\u00f1oz E, Camacho-Arroyo I, Cerb\u00f3n M (2019) DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproduction 158:R27\u2013R40","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"1351_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2224","volume":"5","author":"XX Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang XX, Wei JZ, Jiao J, Jiang SY, Yu DH, Li D (2014) Genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression patterns provide insight into polycystic ovary syndrome development. Oncotarget 5:6603\u20136610","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1351_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00352","volume":"8","author":"L Lambertini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lambertini L, Saul SR, Copperman AB, Hammerstad SS, Yi Z, Zhang W, Tomer Y, Kase N (2017) Intrauterine reprogramming of the polycystic ovary syndrome: evidence from a pilot study of cord blood global methylation analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8:352","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1351_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2020.1754674","author":"B Echibur\u00fa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Echibur\u00fa B, Milagro F, Crisosto N, P\u00e9rez-Bravo F, Flores C, Arp\u00f3n A, Salas-P\u00e9rez F, Recabarren SE, Sir-Petermann T, Maliqueo M (2020) DNA methylation in promoter regions of genes involved in the reproductive and metabolic function of children born to women with PCOS. Epigenetics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15592294.2020.1754674","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"1351_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2019.1576522","volume":"14","author":"DH Abbott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abbott DH, Dumesic DA, Levine JE (2019) Hyperandrogenic origins of polycystic ovary syndrome\u2014implications for pathophysiology and therapy. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 14:131\u2013143","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.08.005","volume":"29","author":"KA Walters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walters KA, Gilchrist RB, Ledger WL, Teede HJ, Handelsman DJ, Campbell RE (2018) New perspectives on the pathogenesis of PCOS: neuroendocrine origins. Trends Endocrinol Metab 29:841\u2013852","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.09.001","volume":"465","author":"JJ Morford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morford JJ, Wu S, Mauvais-Jarvis F (2018) The impact of androgen actions in neurons on metabolic health and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 465:92\u2013102","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1351_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98607","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98607","volume":"3","author":"G Navarro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Navarro G, Allard C, Morford JJ et al (2018) Androgen excess in pancreatic \u03b2 cells and neurons predisposes female mice to type 2 diabetes. JCI Insight 3(12):e98607","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1351_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.10.2573","volume":"17","author":"T Sir-Petermann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sir-Petermann T, Maliqueo M, Angel B, Lara HE, P\u00e9rez-Bravo F, Recabarren SE (2002) Maternal serum androgens in pregnant women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: possible implications in prenatal androgenization. Hum Reprod 17:2573\u20132579","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1351_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0035-5","volume":"24","author":"B Tata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tata B, Mimouni NEH, Barbotin AL et al (2018) Elevated prenatal anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone reprograms the fetus and induces polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood. Nat Med 24:834\u2013846","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1351_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00768","volume":"158","author":"EA Dulka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dulka EA, Moenter SM (2017) Prepubertal development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron activity is altered by sex, age, and prenatal androgen exposure. Endocrinology 158:3943\u20133953","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1351_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1613","volume":"157","author":"RC Cardoso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cardoso RC, Burns A, Moeller J, Skinner DC, Padmanabhan V (2016) Developmental programming: insulin sensitizer prevents the GnRH-stimulated LH hypersecretion in a sheep model of PCOS. Endocrinology 157:4641\u20134653","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1351_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8508-0_5","volume":"124","author":"RS Bar","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bar RS, Muggeo M, Roth J (1979) Insulin resistant syndromes in humans. Adv Exp Med Biol 124:85\u2013104","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1351_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0167","volume":"95","author":"R Malek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Malek R, Chong AY, Lupsa BC, Lungu AO, Cochran EK, Soos MA, Semple RK, Balow JE, Gorden P (2010) Treatment of type B insulin resistance: a novel approach to reduce insulin receptor autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:3641\u20133647","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1514","volume":"63","author":"S Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu S, Divall S, Nwaopara A, Radovick S, Wondisford F, Ko C, Wolfe A (2014) Obesity-induced infertility and hyperandrogenism are corrected by deletion of the insulin receptor in the ovarian theca cell. Diabetes 63:1270\u20131282","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1351_CR76","first-page":"2001","volume":"83","author":"JE Nestler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, de Vargas AF, Brik C, Quintero N, Medina F (1998) Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2001\u20132005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2939","volume":"97","author":"F Tosi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tosi F, Negri C, Perrone F, Dorizzi R, Castello R, Bonora E, Moghetti P (2012) Hyperinsulinemia amplifies GnRH agonist stimulated ovarian steroid secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:1712\u20131719","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR78","first-page":"881","volume":"81","author":"P Moghetti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Moghetti P, Castello R, Negri C, Tosi F, Spiazzi GG, Brun E, Balducci R, Toscano V, Muggeo M (1996) Insulin infusion amplifies 17 alpha-hydroxycorticosteroid intermediates response to adrenocorticotropin in hyperandrogenic women: apparent relative impairment of 17,20-lyase activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:881\u2013886","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0782","volume":"164","author":"F Tosi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tosi F, Negri C, Brun E, Castello R, Faccini G, Bonora E, Muggeo M, Toscano V, Moghetti P (2011) Insulin enhances ACTH-stimulated androgen and glucocorticoid metabolism in hyperandrogenic women. Eur J Endocrinol 164:197\u2013203","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1351_CR80","first-page":"CD003053","volume":"11","author":"LC Morley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morley LC, Tang T, Yasmin E, Norman RJ, Balen AH (2017) Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, d-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD003053","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1351_CR81","first-page":"139","volume":"85","author":"P Moghetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Moghetti P, Castello R, Negri C, Tosi F, Perrone F, Caputo M, Zanolin E, Muggeo M (2000) Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:139\u2013146","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR82","first-page":"265","volume":"79","author":"KH Polderman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Polderman KH, Gooren LJ, Asscheman H, Bakker A, Heine RJ (1994) Induction of insulin resistance by androgens and estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:265\u2013271","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR83","first-page":"4420","volume":"83","author":"MP Diamond","year":"1998","unstructured":"Diamond MP, Grainger D, Diamond MC, Sherwin RS, Defronzo RA (1998) Effects of methyltestosterone on insulin secretion and sensitivity in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:4420\u20134425","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR84","first-page":"952","volume":"81","author":"P Moghetti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Moghetti P, Tosi F, Castello R, Magnani CM, Negri C, Brun E, Furlani L, Caputo M, Muggeo M (1996) The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:952\u2013960","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR85","first-page":"E555","volume":"259","author":"A Holm\u00e4ng","year":"1990","unstructured":"Holm\u00e4ng A, Svedberg J, Jennische E, Bj\u00f6rntorp P (1990) Effects of testosterone on muscle insulin sensitivity and morphology in female rats. Am J Physiol 259:E555\u2013560","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1351_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12855","volume":"83","author":"E Bacchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bacchi E, Negri C, Di Sarra D, Tosi F, Tarperi C, Moretta R, Schena F, Bonora E, Kaufman JM, Moghetti P (2015) Serum testosterone predicts cardiorespiratory fitness impairment in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 83:895\u2013901","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1351_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.07070","volume":"192","author":"A Corbould","year":"2007","unstructured":"Corbould A (2007) Chronic testosterone treatment induces selective insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipocytes of women. J Endocrinol 192:585\u2013594","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1351_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00947","volume":"102","author":"MW O'Reilly","year":"2017","unstructured":"O'Reilly MW, Kempegowda P, Walsh M, Taylor AE, Manolopoulos KN, Allwood JW, Semple RK, Hebenstreit D, Dunn WB, Tomlinson JW, Arlt W (2017) AKR1C3-mediated adipose androgen generation drives lipotoxicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102:3327\u20133339","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2.484","volume":"51","author":"I Ek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ek I, Arner P, Ryd\u00e9n M, Holm C, Th\u00f6rne A, Hoffstedt J, Wahrenberg H (2002) A unique defect in the regulation of visceral fat cell lipolysis in the polycystic ovary syndrome as an early link to insulin resistance. Diabetes 51:484\u2013492","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1351_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E297","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00416.2011","volume":"302","author":"F Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez F, Nair KS, Daniels JK, Basal E, Schimke JM (2012) Hyperandrogenism sensitizes mononuclear cells to promote glucose-induced inflammation in lean reproductive-age women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 302:E297\u2013306","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1161","volume":"98","author":"D Di Sarra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Di Sarra D, Tosi F, Bonin C, Fiers T, Kaufman JM, Signori C, Zambotti F, Dall'Alda M, Caruso B, Zanolin ME, Bonora E, Moghetti P (2013) Metabolic inflexibility is a feature of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and is associated with both insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:2581\u20132588","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1351_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0751-5","volume":"26","author":"KS Ruth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruth KS, Day FR, Tyrrell J et al (2020) Using human genetics to understand the disease impacts of testosterone in men and women. Nat Med 26:252\u2013258","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T23:27:59Z","timestamp":1625786879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was not required for this review article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was not required for this review article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}