{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:24:19Z","timestamp":1740173059028,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Catania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Endocrinol Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>No data are currently available on the implication of amicrobial leukocytospermia in male adolescents. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of amicrobial leukocytospermia among non-smoker late adolescents who were exposed to other risky lifestyles for the andrological health. The main andrological clinical features of adolescents with leukocytospermia were also reported.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 80 boys. Each adolescent underwent a physical examination, and to the assessment of sperm conventional parameters, seminal leukocytes concentration and immature germ cell evaluation. A possible correlation between seminal leukocytes and immature germ cells and testicular volume (TV) was tested.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The adolescents enrolled in this study had 18.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 (range 18.1\u201318.9) years. Unprotected sexual intercourse was referred by 38% of them. Sexual dysfunctions were found in 25% and isolated hypoactive sexual desire in 12.5% of boys. Low TV and penile length in flaccidity were found in 44% and 30% of them, respectively. Only 41% had normozoospermia at the sperm analysis, whereas 19% had isolated oligozoospermia, 15% oligo-asthenozoospermia, and 25% oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia. Leukocytospermia occurred in 25% (20 out of 80) of adolescents. No seminal infection was detected in 19% (15 out of 80) of them. Adolescents with leukocytospermia had lower progressive sperm motility, percentage of normal forms, TV, and a higher percentage of immature germ cells compared to those without leukocytospermia. Semen leukocyte concentration correlated negatively with TV and positively with the percentage of immature germ cells in the ejaculate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Leukocytospermia, increased immature germ cell number, and low TV identify a distinct phenotype suggestive of testicular tubulopathy. Primary prevention of male infertility and the counselling for andrological risky lifestyles is mandatory and should be started as early as possible.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01462-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T11:03:35Z","timestamp":1606129415000},"page":"1525-1531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leukocytospermia in late adolescents: possible clinical interpretations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"La Vignera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Cannarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Aversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Rago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Condorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Calogero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1462_CR1","first-page":"2","volume":"3","author":"AA Dabaja","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dabaja AA, Wosnitzer MS, Bolyakov A, Schlegel PN, Paduch DA (2014) When to ask male adolescents to provide semen sample for fertility preservation? Transl Androl Urol 3:2\u20138","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"1462_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1670-9","volume":"62","author":"RA Condorelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Condorelli RA, Cannarella R, Calogero AE, La Vignera S (2018) Evaluation of testicular function in prepubertal children. Endocrine 62:274\u2013280","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1462_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13633-016-0038-2","volume":"2016","author":"NY Edelsztein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edelsztein NY, Grinspon RP, Schteingart HF, Rey RA (2016) Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone as a marker of steroid and gonadotropin action in the testis of children and adolescents with disorders of the gonadal axis. Int J Pediatr Endocrino 2016:20","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrino"},{"issue":"5","key":"1462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050636","volume":"8","author":"S La Vignera","year":"2019","unstructured":"La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Cimino L, Cannarella R, Giacone F, Calogero AE (2019) Early identification of isolated Sertoli cell dysfunction in prepubertal and transition age: is it time? J Clin Med 8(5):636","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1462_CR5","volume-title":"WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010) WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, 5th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge","edition":"5"},{"issue":"2","key":"1462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0713-z","volume":"41","author":"F Pallotti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pallotti F, Paoli D, Carlini T, Vestri AR, Martino G, Lenzi A, Lombardo F (2018) Varicocele and semen quality: a retrospective case-control study of 4230 patients from a single centre. J Endocrinol Invest 41(2):185\u2013192","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"1462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.07.008","volume":"13","author":"JA Locke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Locke JA, Noparast M, Afshar K (2017) Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr Urol 13(5):437\u2013445","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091410","volume":"8","author":"R Cannarella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cannarella R, Calogero AE, Condorelli RA, Giacone F, Aversa A, La Vignera S (2019) Management and treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: an endocrinologic perspective. J Clin Med 8(9):1410","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-019-01974-1","volume":"138","author":"R Cannarella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Duca Y, La Vignera S, Calogero AE (2019) New insights into the genetics of spermatogenic failure: a review of the literature. Hum Genet 138(2):125\u2013140","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0053-1","volume":"37","author":"P Asero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asero P, Calogero AE, Condorelli RA, Mongioi\u2019 L, Vicari E, Lanzafame F, Crisci R, La Vignera S (2014) Relevance of genetic investigation in male infertility. J Endocrinol Invest 37(5):415\u2013427","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"1462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1543405","volume":"20","author":"Y Duca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duca Y, Calogero AE, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, La Vignera S (2019) Current and emerging medical therapeutic agents for idiopathic male infertility. Expert Opin Pharmacother 20(1):55\u201367","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"1462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00373","volume":"11","author":"F Barbagallo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barbagallo F, Condorelli RA, Mongio\u00ec LM, Cannarella R, Aversa A, Calogero AE, La Vignera S (2020) Effects of bisphenols on testicular steroidogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 11:373","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"6","key":"1462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv135","volume":"182","author":"TD Gundersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gundersen TD, J\u00f8rgensen N, Andersson AM, Bang AK, Nordkap L, Skakkeb\u00e6k NE, Priskorn L, Juul A, Jensen TK (2015) Association between use of marijuana and male reproductive hormones and semen quality: a study among 1215 healthy young men. Am J Epidemiol 182(6):473\u2013481","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12659","volume":"7","author":"D Gianfrilli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gianfrilli D, Ferlin A, Isidori AM, Garolla A, Maggi M, Pivonello R, Santi D, Sansone A, Balercia G, Granata ARM, Sinisi A, Lanfranco F, Pasqualetti P, Foresta C, Lenzi A, Andrologo\u2019 Study Group (2019) Risk behaviours and alcohol in adolescence are negatively associated with testicular volume: results from the Amico\u2013Andrologo survey. Andrology 7(6):769\u2013777","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"9","key":"1462_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091414","volume":"8","author":"A Perri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perri A, Lofaro D, Izzo G, Aquino B, Bitonti M, Ciambrone G, La Vignera S, Pozza C, Gianfrilli D, Aversa A (2019) The risky health behaviours of male adolescents in the southern Italian region: implications for sexual and reproductive disease. J Clin Med 8(9):1414","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey371","volume":"34","author":"RJ Hart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hart RJ, Doherty DA, Mori TA, Adams LA, Huang RC, Minaee N, Handelsman DJ, McLachlan R, Norman RJ, Dickinson JE, Olynyk JK, Beilin LJ (2019) Features of the metabolic syndrome in late adolescence are associated with impaired testicular function at 20 years of age. Hum Reprod 34(3):389\u2013402","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"1462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12502","volume":"6","author":"GM Colpi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colpi GM, Francavilla S, Haidl G, Link K, Behre HM, Goulis DG, Krausz C, Giwercman A (2018) European Academy of Andrology guideline Management of oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia. Andrology 6(4):513\u2013524","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"1462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2016.08.006","volume":"118","author":"M Fraczek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fraczek M, Hryhorowicz M, Gill K, Zarzycka M, Gaczarzewicz D, Jedrzejczak P, Bilinska B, Piasecka M, Kurpisz M (2016) The effect of bacteriospermia and leukocytospermia on conventional and nonconventional semen parameters in healthy young normozoospermic males. J Reprod Immunol 118:18\u201327","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13261","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13261","volume":"51","author":"R Cannarella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Mongioi\u2019 LM, Giacone F, Calogero AE, La Vignera S (2019) Management of male accessory gland inflammations: a response to Haidl et al. Andrologia 51(5):e13261","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"1462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-12","volume":"8","author":"JE Lackner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lackner JE, Agarwal A, Mahfouz R, du Plessis SS, Schatzl G (2020) The association between leukocytes and sperm quality is concentration dependent. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 8:12","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1462_CR21","first-page":"2","volume":"18","author":"AW Endtz","year":"1974","unstructured":"Endtz AW (1974) A rapid staining method for differentiating granulocytes from \u201cgerminal cells\u201d in papanicolaou stained semen. Acta Cytol 18(1):2\u20137","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1462_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/6.4.404","volume":"6","author":"E Johanisson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Johanisson E, Campana A, Luthi R, de Agostini A (2000) Evaluation of \u2019round cells\u2019 in semen analysis: a comparative study. Hum Reprod Update 6(4):404\u2013412","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"1462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms050","volume":"19","author":"N Sermondade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Shayeb AG, Bonde JP et al (2013) BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19(3):221\u2013231","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"6","key":"1462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx022","volume":"23","author":"H Levine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Levine H, J\u00f8rgensen N, Martino-Andrade A, Mendiola J, Weksler-Derri D, Mindlis I, Pinotti R, Swan SH (2017) Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Hum Reprod Update 23(6):646\u2013659","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"5","key":"1462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12513","volume":"6","author":"EM Eldamnhoury","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eldamnhoury EM, Elatrash GA, Rashwan HM, El-Sakka AI (2018) Association between leukocytospermia and semen interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in infertile men. Andrology 6(5):775\u2013780","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2007.00556.x","volume":"59","author":"M Naito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Naito M, Itoh M (2008) Patterns of infiltration of lymphocytes into the testis under normal and pathological conditions in mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 59(1):55\u201361","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1688-9","volume":"10","author":"R Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu R, Wang J, Feng T, Hu X, Jiang C, Wang X, Li K, Sang Y, Hua Y, Sun H, Yao B, Li C (2019) The alteration of RhoA geranylgeranylation and Ras farnesylation breaks the integrity of the blood-testis barrier and results in hypospermatogenesis. Cell Death Dis 10(6):450","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1462_CR28","first-page":"e58512","volume":"142","author":"M Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu M, Zhu C, Bai S, Li X, Fu K, Ye L, Zheng K (2018) An in vivo method to study mouse blood-testis barrier integrity. J Vis Exp 142:e58512","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"1462_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145792","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/145792","volume":"2013","author":"R Condorelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Condorelli R, Calogero AE, La Vignera S (2013) Relationship between testicular volume and conventional or nonconventional sperm parameters. Int J Endocrinol 2013:145792","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1462_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00587.x","volume":"28","author":"A Aversa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aversa A, Bruzziches R, Spera G (2005) Diagnosing erectile dysfunction: the penile dynamic colour duplex ultrasound revisited. Int J Androl 28(2):61\u201363","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"3","key":"1462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030780","volume":"9","author":"S La Vignera","year":"2020","unstructured":"La Vignera S, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Calogero AE (2020) Disorders of puberty: endocrinology of the pre-pubertal testis. J Clin Med 9(3):780","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01462-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01462-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01462-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T12:20:57Z","timestamp":1623414057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01462-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01462-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8386"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1720-8386"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the Internal Review Board of the Division of Andrology and Endocrinology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed written consent was obtained from each participant after full explanation of the purpose and nature of all procedures used.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}