{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:24:45Z","timestamp":1772724285804,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Endocrinol Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are incidentally discovered adrenal masses, during an imaging study undertaken for other reasons than the suspicion of adrenal disease. Their management is not a minor concern for patients and health-care related costs, since their increasing prevalence in the aging population. The exclusion of malignancy is the first question to attempt, then a careful evaluation of adrenal hormones is suggested. Surgery should be considered in case of overt secretion (primary aldosteronism, adrenal Cushing\u2019s Syndrome or pheochromocytoma), however the management of subclinical secretion is still a matter of debate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim of the present narrative review is to offer a practical guidance regarding the management of AI, by providing evidence-based answers to frequently asked questions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\nThe clinical experience is of utmost importance: a personalized diagnostic-therapeutic approach, based upon multidisciplinary discussion, is suggested.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01615-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T12:02:46Z","timestamp":1624449766000},"page":"2749-2763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Frequently asked questions and answers (if any) in patients with adrenal incidentaloma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1456-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Ceccato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Barbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9396-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Scaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2596-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Boscaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1615_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490273","author":"L Barzon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, Palu G, Boscaro M (2003) Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1490273","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1147","volume":"164","author":"M Terzolo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terzolo M, Stigliano A, Chiodini I et al (2011) AME position statement on adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol 164(6):851\u2013870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-10-1147","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.2.6372","volume":"85","author":"F Mantero","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G et al (2000) A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study group on adrenal tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(2):637\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.2.6372","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0234","volume":"161","author":"TJ Cawood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cawood TJ, Hunt PJ, O\u2019Shea D, Cole D, Soule S (2009) Recommended evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas is costly, has high false-positive rates and confers a risk of fatal cancer that is similar to the risk of the adrenal lesion becoming malignant; time for a rethink? Eur J Endocrinol 161(4):513\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-09-0234","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-16-4-460","volume":"16","author":"RT Kloos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kloos RT, Gross MD, Francis IR, Korobkin M, Shapiro B (1995) Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Endocr Rev 16(4):460\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/edrv-16-4-460","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00013","volume":"138","author":"MM Grumbach","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grumbach MM, Biller BMK, Braunstein GD et al (2003) Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (\u201cincidentaloma\u201d). Ann Intern Med 138(5):424\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1615_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3109\/07435809809032707","volume":"24","author":"RB Jaffe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jaffe RB, Mesiano S, Smith R, Coulter CL, Spencer SJ, Chakravorty A (1998) The regulation and role of fetal adrenal development in human pregnancy. Endocr Res 24(3\u20134):919\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07435809809032707","journal-title":"Endocr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1615_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30314-4","volume":"8","author":"A Ebbehoj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebbehoj A, Li D, Kaur RJ et al (2020) Epidemiology of adrenal tumours in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8(11):894\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30314-4","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1615_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-6501-y","volume":"25","author":"J van den Broek","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Broek J, Geenen R, Heijnen L, Kobus C, Schreurs H (2018) Adrenal incidentalomas during diagnostic work-up of colorectal cancer patients: what is the risk of metastases? Ann Surg Oncol 25(7):1986\u20131991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-018-6501-y","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4547","volume":"194","author":"MA Blake","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blake MA, Cronin CG, Boland GW (2010) Adrenal imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194(6):1450\u20131460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.10.4547","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2382041514","volume":"238","author":"MA Blake","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blake MA, Kalra MK, Sweeney AT et al (2006) Distinguishing benign from malignant adrenal masses: multi-detector row CT protocol with 10-minute delay. Radiology 238(2):578\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2382041514","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1615_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000442313","volume":"45","author":"CJ McCarthy","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCarthy CJ, McDermott S, Blake MA (2016) Adrenal imaging: magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Front Horm Res 45:55\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000442313","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1615_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2018.09.13","volume":"8","author":"F Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang F, Liu J, Zhang R et al (2018) CT and MRI of adrenal gland pathologies. Quant Imaging Med Surg 8(8):853\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/qims.2018.09.13","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0036","volume":"173","author":"C Chambre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chambre C, McMurray E, Baudry C et al (2015) The 10 Hounsfield units unenhanced computed tomography attenuation threshold does not apply to cortisol secreting adrenocortical adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 173(3):325\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-15-0036","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16965","volume":"209","author":"C Mosconi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mosconi C, Vicennati V, Papadopoulos D et al (2017) Can imaging predict subclinical cortisol secretion in patients with adrenal adenomas? A CT predictive score. Am J Roentgenol 209(1):122\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.16.16965","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1615_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01198-5","volume":"43","author":"A De Leo","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Leo A, Mosconi C, Zavatta G et al (2020) Radiologically defined lipid-poor adrenal adenomas: histopathological characteristics. J Endocrinol Invest 43(9):1197\u20131204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01198-5","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03351068","volume":"27","author":"M Fassnacht","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fassnacht M, Kenn W, Allolio B (2004) Adrenal tumors: how to establish malignancy\u202f? J Endocrinol Invest 27(4):387\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03351068","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0608","volume":"179","author":"M Fassnacht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T et al (2018) European society of endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the study of adrenal tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 179(4):G1\u2013G46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-18-0608","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000578","volume":"41","author":"SC Azoury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azoury SC, Nagarajan N, Young A et al (2017) Computed tomography in the management of adrenal tumors. J Comput Assist Tomogr 41(4):628\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000578","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01532","volume":"104","author":"L Canu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Canu L, Van Hemert JAW, Kerstens MN et al (2019) CT characteristics of pheochromocytoma: relevance for the evaluation of adrenal incidentaloma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(2):312\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2018-01532","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1615_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.24si045506","volume":"24","author":"MA Blake","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blake MA, Kalra MK, Maher MM et al (2004) Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon. Radiographics 24(Suppl 1):S87-99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.24si045506","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.5.9129444","volume":"168","author":"JJ Erasmus","year":"1997","unstructured":"Erasmus JJ, Patz EF, McAdams HP et al (1997) Evaluation of adrenal masses in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168(5):1357\u20131360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.168.5.9129444","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.1.10397094","volume":"173","author":"S Maurea","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maurea S, Mainolfi C, Bazzicalupo L et al (1999) Imaging of adrenal tumors using FDG PET: comparison of benign and malignant lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173(1):25\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.173.1.10397094","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1615_CR24","first-page":"1795","volume":"42","author":"M Yun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yun M, Kim W, Alnafisi N, Lacorte L, Jang S, Alavi A (2001) 18F-FDG PET in characterizing adrenal lesions detected on CT or MRI. J Nucl Med 42(12):1795\u20131799.\u00a0http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11752075","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500789","volume":"150","author":"F Tenenbaum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tenenbaum F, Groussin L, Foehrenbach H et al (2004) 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as a diagnostic tool for malignancy of adrenocortical tumours? Preliminary results in 13 consecutive patients. Eur J Endocrinol 150(6):789\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1500789","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2302","volume":"94","author":"L Groussin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Groussin L, Bonardel G, Silv\u00e9ra S et al (2009) 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors: a prospective study in 77 operated patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(5):1713\u20131722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-2302","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2791-4","volume":"372","author":"D Ta\u00efeb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ta\u00efeb D, Pacak K (2018) Molecular imaging and theranostic approaches in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Cell Tissue Res 372(2):393\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-018-2791-4","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3275\/8010","volume":"35","author":"G Tirabassi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tirabassi G, Kola B, Ferretti M et al (2012) Fine-needle aspiration cytology of adrenal masses: a re-assessment with histological confirmation. J Endocrinol Invest 35(6):590\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3275\/8010","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G34","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0467","volume":"175","author":"M Fassnacht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I et al (2016) Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the study of adrenal tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 175(2):G34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-16-0467","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.5.450","volume":"15","author":"MA Zeiger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh Q-Y et al (2009) American association of clinical endocrinologists and American association of endocrine surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract 15(5):450\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP.15.5.450","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","volume":"93","author":"LK Nieman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW et al (2008) The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(5):1526\u20131540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2008.09.003","volume":"69","author":"A Tabarin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tabarin A, Bardet S, Bertherat J et al (2008) Exploration and management of adrenal incidentalomas. French society of endocrinology consensus. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 69(6):487\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ando.2008.09.003","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"9","key":"1615_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0612","volume":"94","author":"M Boscaro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boscaro M, Arnaldi G (2009) Approach to the patient with possible Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(9):3121\u20133131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-0612","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.03.013","volume":"79","author":"A Tabarin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tabarin A (2018) Do the diagnostic criteria for subclinical hypercortisolism exist? Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 79(3):146\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ando.2018.03.013","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-8529(05)70115-8","volume":"29","author":"M Reincke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reincke M (2000) Subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 29(1):43\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0889-8529(05)70115-8","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"1615_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000443862","volume":"46","author":"I Chiodini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiodini I, Morelli V (2016) Subclinical hypercortisolism: how to deal with it? Front Horm Res 46:28\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000443862","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2722","volume":"96","author":"I Chiodini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiodini I (2011) Clinical review: diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(5):1223\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-2722","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0633","volume":"95","author":"PM Stewart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stewart PM (2010) Is subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome an entity or a statistical fallout from diagnostic testing? Consensus surrounding the diagnosis is required before optimal treatment can be defined. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(6):2618\u20132620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-0633","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"1615_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02330.x","volume":"40","author":"V Morelli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morelli V, Donadio F, Eller-Vainicher C et al (2010) Role of glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism in adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Clin Invest 40(9):803\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02330.x","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"1615_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030871","volume":"88","author":"G Arnaldi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB et al (2003) Diagnosis and complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(12):5593.\u00a0http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14671138. Accessed 17 Feb 2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1615_CR41","unstructured":"(2002) NIH state-of-the-science statement on management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (\u201cincidentaloma\u201d). NIH Consens State Sci Statements 19(2):1\u201325. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14768652"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-016-0153-4","volume":"23","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Boscaro M (2016) Cushing\u2019s syndrome: screening and diagnosis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 23(3):209\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40292-016-0153-4","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"1615_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329703400302","volume":"34","author":"PJ Wood","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wood PJ, Barth JH, Freedman DB, Perry L, Sheridan B (1997) Evidence for the low dose dexamethasone suppression test to screen for Cushing\u2019s syndrome\u2013recommendations for a protocol for biochemistry laboratories. Ann Clin Biochem 34(Pt 3):222\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000456329703400302","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"1615_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0644-8","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Antonelli G, Frigo AC et al (2017) First-line screening tests for Cushing\u2019s syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma: the role of urinary free cortisol measured by LC-MS\/MS. J Endocrinol Invest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-017-0644-8","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"1615_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4064","volume":"99","author":"II Androulakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Androulakis II, Kaltsas GA, Kollias GE et al (2014) Patients with apparently nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas may be at increased cardiovascular risk due to excessive cortisol secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(8):2754\u20132762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-4064","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"1615_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1500","volume":"94","author":"E Valassi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valassi E, Swearingen B, Lee H et al (2009) Concomitant medication use can confound interpretation of the combined dexamethasone-corticotropin releasing hormone test in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(12):4851\u20134859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-1500","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1982.tb00733.x","volume":"16","author":"AW Meikle","year":"1982","unstructured":"Meikle AW (1982) Dexamethasone suppression tests: usefulness of simultaneous measurement of plasma cortisol and dexamethasone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 16(4):401\u2013408.\u00a0http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7094363","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1615_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01197-6","volume":"43","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Artusi C, Barbot M et al (2020) Dexamethasone measurement during low-dose suppression test for suspected hypercortisolism: threshold development with and validation. J Endocrinol Invest 43(8):1105\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01197-6","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563219870834","volume":"56","author":"AJ de Graaf","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Graaf AJ, Mulder AL, Krabbe JG (2019) Retrospective analysis of repeated dexamethasone suppression tests\u2014the added value of measuring dexamethasone. Ann Clin Biochem Int J Lab Med 56(6):708\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004563219870834","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem Int J Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0061","volume":"171","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Antonelli G, Barbot M et al (2014) The diagnostic performance of urinary free cortisol is better than the cortisol:cortisone ratio in detecting de novo Cushing\u2019s syndrome: the use of a LC\u2013MS\/MS method in routine clinical practice. Eur J Endocrinol 171(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-14-0061","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1615_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2507","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Barbot M, Zilio M et al (2015) Screening tests for Cushing\u2019s syndrome: urinary free cortisol role measured by LC-MS\/MS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2507","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0435","volume":"9","author":"C Scaroni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scaroni C, Albiger NM, Palmieri S et al (2020) Approach to patients with pseudo-Cushing\u2019s states. Endocr Connect 9(1):R1\u2013R13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-19-0435","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02392-4","volume":"69","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Lizzul L, Barbot M, Scaroni C (2020) Pituitary-adrenal axis and peripheral cortisol metabolism in obese patients. Endocrine 69(2):386\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02392-4","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R205","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0946","volume":"176","author":"JW Findling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Findling JW, Raff H (2017) Diagnosis of endocrine disease: differentiation of pathologic\/neoplastic hypercortisolism (Cushing\u2019s syndrome) from physiologic\/non-neoplastic hypercortisolism (formerly known as pseudo-Cushing\u2019s syndrome). Eur J Endocrinol 176(5):R205\u2013R216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-16-0946","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0921-1","volume":"42","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Marcelli G, Martino M et al (2019) The diagnostic accuracy of increased late night salivary cortisol for Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a real-life prospective study. J Endocrinol Invest 42(3):327\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-018-0921-1","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0159","volume":"169","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Barbot M, Zilio M et al (2013) Performance of salivary cortisol in the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome, adrenal incidentaloma, and adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 169(1):31\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-13-0159","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0485","volume":"160","author":"B Masserini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Masserini B, Morelli V, Bergamaschi S et al (2009) The limited role of midnight salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol 160(1):87\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-08-0485","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1615_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1421-3","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Barbot M, Albiger N et al (2017) Daily salivary cortisol and cortisone rhythm in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Endocrine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-017-1421-3","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0962","volume":"164","author":"F Pecori Giraldi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pecori Giraldi F, Saccani A, Cavagnini F (2011) Study group on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. Assessment of ACTH assay variability: a multicenter study. Eur J Endocrinol 164(4):505\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-10-0962","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1615_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa564","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Tizianel I, Vedolin CK, Boscaro M, Barbot M, Scaroni C (2020) Human corticotropin-releasing hormone tests: 10 years of real-life experience in pituitary and adrenal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa564","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0722","volume":"166","author":"L Trementino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trementino L, Appolloni G, Concettoni C, Cardinaletti M, Boscaro M, Arnaldi G (2012) Association of glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism A3669G with decreased risk of developing diabetes in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 166(1):35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-11-0722","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2520-5","volume":"25","author":"L Trementino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trementino L, Appolloni G, Ceccoli L et al (2014) Bone complications in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome: looking for clinical, biochemical, and genetic determinants. Osteoporos Int 25(3):913\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-013-2520-5","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0775","volume":"162","author":"C Eller-Vainicher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eller-Vainicher C, Morelli V, Salcuni AS et al (2010) Post-surgical hypocortisolism after removal of an adrenal incidentaloma: is it predictable by an accurate endocrinological work-up before surgery? Eur J Endocrinol 162(1):91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-09-0775","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1615_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1401","volume":"99","author":"G Di Dalmazi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di Dalmazi G, Berr CM, Fassnacht M, Beuschlein F, Reincke M (2014) Adrenal function after adrenalectomy for subclinical hypercortisolism and Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(8):2637\u20132645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-1401","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-014-2482-6","volume":"38","author":"MP Ricciato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ricciato MP, Di Donna V, Perotti G, Pontecorvi A, Bellantone R, Corsello SM (2014) The role of adrenal scintigraphy in the diagnosis of subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome and the prediction of post-surgical hypoadrenalism. World J Surg 38(6):1328\u20131335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-014-2482-6","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","volume":"101","author":"RM Carey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F et al (2016) The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101(5):1889\u20131916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp065470","volume":"356","author":"WF Young","year":"2007","unstructured":"Young WF (2007) Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med 356(6):601\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp065470","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-018-0288-6","volume":"25","author":"M Grasso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grasso M, Boscaro M, Scaroni C, Ceccato F (2018) Secondary arterial hypertension: from routine clinical practice to evidence in patients with adrenal tumor. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 25(4):345\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40292-018-0288-6","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03213.x","volume":"69","author":"V M\u00e9deau","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00e9deau V, Moreau F, Trinquart L et al (2008) Clinical and biochemical characteristics of normotensive patients with primary aldosteronism: a comparison with hypertensive cases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69(1):20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03213.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.166","volume":"34","author":"Y Ito","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ito Y, Takeda R, Karashima S, Yamamoto Y, Yoneda T, Takeda Y (2011) Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among prehypertensive and stage 1 hypertensive subjects. Hypertens Res 34(1):98\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/hr.2010.166","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03551.x","volume":"71","author":"GP Piaditis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Piaditis GP, Kaltsas GA, Androulakis II et al (2009) High prevalence of autonomous cortisol and aldosterone secretion from adrenal adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 71(6):772\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03551.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1615_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7834356","volume":"2016","author":"K Nishimoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nishimoto K, Seki T, Hayashi Y et al (2016) Human adrenocortical remodeling leading to aldosterone-producing cell cluster generation. Int J Endocrinol 2016:7834356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7834356","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1615_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa080","author":"GP Rossi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rossi GP, Ceolotto G, Rossitto G, Maiolino G, Cesari M, Seccia TM (2020) Effects of mineralocorticoid and AT1 receptor antagonism on the aldosterone-renin ratio in primary aldosteronism-the EMIRA study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa080","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"1615_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-7061(96)00506-7","volume":"10","author":"F Fallo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fallo F, Barzon L, Boscaro M, Sonino N (1997) Coexistence of aldosteronoma and contralateral nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma in primary aldosteronism. Am J Hypertens 10(4 Pt 1):476\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0895-7061(96)00506-7","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834666af","volume":"29","author":"G Sarlon-Bartoli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sarlon-Bartoli G, Michel N, Taieb D et al (2011) Adrenal venous sampling is crucial before an adrenalectomy whatever the adrenal-nodule size on computed tomography. J Hypertens 29(6):1196\u20131202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834666af","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2005.20.4.303","volume":"20","author":"HY Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim HY, Kim SG, Lee KW et al (2005) Clinical study of adrenal incidentaloma in Korea. Korean J Intern Med 20(4):303\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3904\/kjim.2005.20.4.303","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0321","volume":"7","author":"H Falhammar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Falhammar H, Kjellman M, Calissendorff J (2018) Initial clinical presentation and spectrum of pheochromocytoma: a study of 94 cases from a single center. Endocr Connect 7(1):186\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-17-0321","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e31829cbecf","volume":"37","author":"AR Oshmyansky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oshmyansky AR, Mahammedi A, Dackiw A et al (2013) Serendipity in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 37(5):820\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RCT.0b013e31829cbecf","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"9486","key":"1615_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67139-5","volume":"366","author":"JWM Lenders","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lenders JWM, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, Pacak K (2005) Phaeochromocytoma. Lancet (London, England) 366(9486):665\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67139-5","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1410619","volume":"141","author":"M Mannelli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mannelli M, Ianni L, Cilotti A, Conti A (1999) Pheochromocytoma in Italy: a multicentric retrospective study. Eur J Endocrinol 141(6):619\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1410619","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0384","volume":"161","author":"R Kopetschke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kopetschke R, Slisko M, Kilisli A et al (2009) Frequent incidental discovery of phaeochromocytoma: data from a German cohort of 201 phaeochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol 161(2):355\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-09-0384","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1498","volume":"99","author":"JWM Lenders","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lenders JWM, Duh Q-Y, Eisenhofer G et al (2014) Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(6):1915\u20131942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-1498","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1615_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.12.019","volume":"490","author":"G Eisenhofer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eisenhofer G, Peitzsch M, Kaden D et al (2019) Reference intervals for LC-MS\/MS measurements of plasma free, urinary free and urinary acid-hydrolyzed deconjugated normetanephrine, metanephrine and methoxytyramine. Clin Chim Acta 490:46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2018.12.019","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"9","key":"1615_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2631","volume":"95","author":"PW Speiser","year":"2010","unstructured":"Speiser PW, Azziz R, Baskin LS et al (2010) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(9):4133\u20134160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-2631","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.08.009","volume":"48","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Mantero F (2019) Monogenic forms of hypertension. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 48(4):795\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.08.009","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000475","volume":"26","author":"F Fanelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fanelli F, Di Dalmazi G (2019) Serum steroid profiling by mass spectrometry in adrenocortical tumors: diagnostic implications. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 26(3):160\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MED.0000000000000475","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"1615_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93136","author":"W Arlt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arlt W, Lang K, Sitch AJ et al (2017) Steroid metabolome analysis reveals prevalent glucocorticoid excess in primary aldosteronism. JCI Insight. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.93136","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"12","key":"1615_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00617","volume":"103","author":"C Adolf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adolf C, K\u00f6hler A, Franke A et al (2018) Cortisol excess in patients with primary aldosteronism impacts left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 103(12):4543\u20134552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2018-00617","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1615_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.01.008","volume":"189","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Y, Burrello J, Burrello A et al (2019) Classification of microadenomas in patients with primary aldosteronism by steroid profiling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 189:274\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.01.008","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.282582","volume":"64","author":"G Eisenhofer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eisenhofer G, Masjkur J, Peitzsch M et al (2018) Plasma steroid metabolome profiling for diagnosis and subtyping patients with Cushing syndrome. Clin Chem 64(3):586\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2017.282582","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1615_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-1992","author":"G Di Dalmazi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Dalmazi G, Fanelli F, Mezzullo M et al (2015) Steroid profiling by LC-MS\/MS in nonsecreting and subclinical cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/JC.2015-1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"1615_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00365","volume":"104","author":"G Di Dalmazi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Dalmazi G, Fanelli F, Zavatta G et al (2019) The steroid profile of adrenal incidentalomas: subtyping subjects with high cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(11):5519\u20135528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2019-00365","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"1615_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1565","volume":"96","author":"W Arlt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arlt W, Biehl M, Taylor AE et al (2011) Urine steroid metabolomics as a biomarker tool for detecting malignancy in adrenal tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(12):3775\u20133784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-1565","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"1615_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8059","volume":"86","author":"GG Garrapa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garrapa GG, Pantanetti P, Arnaldi G, Mantero F, Faloia E (2001) Body composition and metabolic features in women with adrenal incidentaloma or Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(11):5301\u20135306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8059","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0957","volume":"162","author":"R Giordano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giordano R, Marinazzo E, Berardelli R et al (2010) Long-term morphological, hormonal, and clinical follow-up in a single unit on 118 patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol 162(4):779\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-09-0957","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70211-0","volume":"2","author":"G Di Dalmazi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di Dalmazi G, Vicennati V, Garelli S et al (2014) Cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas that are either non-secreting or associated with intermediate phenotype or subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a 15-year retrospective study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2(5):396\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70211-0","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1615_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3007","volume":"99","author":"M Debono","year":"2014","unstructured":"Debono M, Bradburn M, Bull M, Harrison B, Ross RJ, Newell-Price J (2014) Cortisol as a marker for increased mortality in patients with incidental adrenocortical adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(12):4462\u20134470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-3007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1615_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa270","author":"G Di Dalmazi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Dalmazi G, Vicennati V, Pizzi C et al (2020) Prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation in a large cohort of adrenal incidentalomas: a long-term study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa270","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02291.x","volume":"268","author":"M Peppa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peppa M, Koliaki C, Raptis SA (2010) Adrenal incidentalomas and cardiometabolic morbidity: an emerging association with serious clinical implications. J Intern Med 268(6):555\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02291.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31819a47d2","volume":"249","author":"A Toniato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toniato A, Merante-Boschin I, Opocher G, Pelizzo MR, Schiavi F, Ballotta E (2009) Surgical versus conservative management for subclinical Cushing syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg 249(3):388.\u00a0http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19247023","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2387","volume":"95","author":"I Chiodini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chiodini I, Morelli V, Salcuni AS et al (2010) Beneficial metabolic effects of prompt surgical treatment in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma causing biochemical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(6):2736\u20132745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-2387","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"1615_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-1000-7","volume":"24","author":"M Guerrieri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guerrieri M, Campagnacci R, Patrizi A, Romiti C, Arnaldi G, Boscaro M (2010) Primary adrenal hypercortisolism: minimally invasive surgical treatment or medical therapy? A retrospective study with long-term follow-up evaluation. Surg Endosc 24(10):2542\u20132546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-010-1000-7","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9742","volume":"102","author":"M Iacobone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iacobone M, Citton M, Scarpa M, Viel G, Boscaro M, Nitti D (2015) Systematic review of surgical treatment of subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Br J Surg 102(4):318\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.9742","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-017-0182-7","volume":"24","author":"L Petramala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petramala L, Cavallaro G, Galassi M et al (2017) Clinical benefits of unilateral adrenalectomy in patients with subclinical hypercortisolism due to adrenal incidentaloma: results from a single center. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 24(1):69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40292-017-0182-7","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R283","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0465","volume":"175","author":"I Bancos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bancos I, Alahdab F, Crowley RK et al (2016) Therapy of endocrine disease: improvement of cardiovascular risk factors after adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal tumors and subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 175(6):R283\u2013R295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-16-0465","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6515","volume":"85","author":"R Rossi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rossi R, Tauchmanova L, Luciano A et al (2000) Subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma: clinical and biochemical features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(4):1440\u20131448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6515","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344133","volume":"29","author":"S Tsagarakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsagarakis S, Vassiliadi D, Thalassinos N (2006) Endogenous subclinical hypercortisolism: diagnostic uncertainties and clinical implications. J Endocrinol Invest 29(5):471\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03344133","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0031","volume":"25","author":"G Mansmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mansmann G, Lau J, Balk E, Rothberg M, Miyachi Y, Bornstein SR (2004) The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management. Endocr Rev 25(2):309\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2002-0031","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14332","volume":"50","author":"Z Goh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goh Z, Phillips I, Hunt PJ, Soule S, Cawood TJ (2020) Three-year follow up of adrenal incidentalomas in a New Zealand centre. Intern Med J 50(3):350\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imj.14332","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"1615_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2001-011766","volume":"87","author":"L Tauchmanov\u00e0","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tauchmanov\u00e0 L, Rossi R, Biondi B et al (2002) Patients with subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to adrenal adenoma have increased cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(11):4872\u20134878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2001-011766","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0535","volume":"165","author":"R Swiatkowska-Stodulska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swiatkowska-Stodulska R, Kaniuka-Jakubowska S, Wisniewski P, Skibowska-Bielinska A, Sworczak K (2011) The estimation of selected endogenous anticoagulation system parameters in patients with subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 165(6):865\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-11-0535","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9628-9","volume":"41","author":"R Giordano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giordano R, Guaraldi F, Berardelli R et al (2012) Glucose metabolism in patients with subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocrine 41(3):415\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-012-9628-9","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1105","volume":"38","author":"C Scaroni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scaroni C, Zilio M, Foti M, Boscaro M (2017) Glucose metabolism abnormalities in Cushing syndrome: from molecular basis to clinical management. Endocr Rev 38(3):189\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2016-1105","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000314213","volume":"92","author":"G Arnaldi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arnaldi G, Scandali VM, Trementino L, Cardinaletti M, Appolloni G, Boscaro M (2010) Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 92(1):86\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000314213","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9456-3","volume":"40","author":"D Kastelan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kastelan D, Dzubur F, Dusek T et al (2011) Health-related quality of life and fatigue in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Endocrine 40(1):84\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-011-9456-3","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.03.005","volume":"79","author":"V Morelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morelli V, Arosio M, Chiodini I (2018) Cardiovascular mortality in patients with subclinical Cushing. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 79(3):149\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ando.2018.03.005","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0602","volume":"163","author":"C Eller-Vainicher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eller-Vainicher C, Morelli V, Salcuni AS et al (2010) Accuracy of several parameters of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in predicting before surgery the metabolic effects of the removal of an adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol 163(6):925\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-10-0602","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1017-3","volume":"56","author":"I Chiodini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiodini I, Albani A, Ambrogio AG et al (2016) Six controversial issues on subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocrine 56(2):262\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-016-1017-3","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0372","volume":"177","author":"AR Hong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hong AR, Kim JH, Park KS et al (2017) Optimal follow-up strategies for adrenal incidentalomas: reappraisal of the 2016 ESE-ENSAT guidelines in real clinical practice. Eur J Endocrinol 177(6):475\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-17-0372","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4158\/EP09351.OR","volume":"16","author":"KM Pantalone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pantalone KM, Gopan T, Remer EM et al (2010) Change in adrenal mass size as a predictor of a malignant tumor. Endocr Pract 16(4):577\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP09351.OR","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346546","volume":"33","author":"S Yener","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yener S, Ertilav S, Secil M et al (2010) Prospective evaluation of tumor size and hormonal status in adrenal incidentalomas. J Endocrinol Invest 33(1):32\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03346546","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03492.x","volume":"70","author":"E Vassilatou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vassilatou E, Vryonidou A, Michalopoulou S et al (2009) Hormonal activity of adrenal incidentalomas: results from a long-term follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 70(5):674\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03492.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02110","volume":"154","author":"B B\u00fclow","year":"2006","unstructured":"B\u00fclow B, Jansson S, Juhlin C et al (2006) Adrenal incidentaloma\u2014follow-up results from a Swedish prospective study. Eur J Endocrinol 154(3):419\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.1.02110","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.2.5444","volume":"84","author":"L Barzon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barzon L, Scaroni C, Sonino N, Fallo F, Paoletta A, Boscaro M (1999) Risk factors and long-term follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(2):520\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.84.2.5444","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3527","volume":"99","author":"V Morelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morelli V, Reimondo G, Giordano R et al (2014) Long-term follow-up in adrenal incidentalomas: an Italian multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(3):827\u2013834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-3527","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R51","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0461","volume":"175","author":"J Dinnes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dinnes J, Bancos I, di Ruffano LF et al (2016) Management of endocrine disease: imaging for the diagnosis of malignancy in incidentally discovered adrenal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 175(2):R51\u2013R64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-16-0461","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2015.30.4.481","volume":"30","author":"C Schalin-J\u00e4ntti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schalin-J\u00e4ntti C, Raade M, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen E, Sane T (2015) A 5-year prospective follow-up study of lipid-rich adrenal incidentalomas: no tumor growth or development of hormonal hypersecretion. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul, Korea) 30(4):481\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/EnM.2015.30.4.481","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul, Korea)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2012.08.054","volume":"152","author":"M Iacobone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iacobone M, Citton M, Viel G et al (2012) Adrenalectomy may improve cardiovascular and metabolic impairment and ameliorate quality of life in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Surgery 152(6):991\u2013997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2012.08.054","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-012-2730-5","volume":"27","author":"I Perysinakis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perysinakis I, Marakaki C, Avlonitis S et al (2013) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with subclinical Cushing syndrome. Surg Endosc 27(6):2145\u20132148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-012-2730-5","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"1615_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-019-01132-1","author":"M Barbot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barbot M, Ceccato F, Lizzul L et al (2019) Perioperative multidisciplinary management of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for sellar lesions: practical suggestions from the Padova model. Neurosurg Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01132-1","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-9902-5","volume":"44","author":"G Iacobellis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iacobellis G, Petramala L, Barbaro G et al (2013) Epicardial fat thickness and left ventricular mass in subjects with adrenal incidentaloma. Endocrine 44(2):532\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-013-9902-5","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"5","key":"1615_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0986","volume":"178","author":"E Sbardella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sbardella E, Minnetti M, D\u2019Aluisio D et al (2018) Cardiovascular features of possible autonomous cortisol secretion in patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol 178(5):501\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-17-0986","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-010-0453-0","volume":"34","author":"PF Alesina","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alesina PF, Hommeltenberg S, Meier B et al (2010) Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for clinical and subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome. World J Surg 34(6):1391\u20131397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-010-0453-0","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3632","volume":"100","author":"CM Berr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berr CM, Di Dalmazi G, Osswald A et al (2015) Time to recovery of adrenal function after curative surgery for Cushing\u2019s syndrome depends on etiology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(4):1300\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-3632","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0788-6","volume":"41","author":"V Morelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morelli V, Minelli L, Eller-Vainicher C et al (2018) Predictability of hypoadrenalism occurrence and duration after adrenalectomy for ACTH-independent hypercortisolism. J Endocrinol Invest 41(4):485\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-017-0788-6","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2016.01.009","volume":"77","author":"O Steichen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steichen O, Amar L, Chaffanjon P, Kraimps J-L, M\u00e9n\u00e9gaux F, Zinzindohoue F (2016) SFE\/SFHTA\/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 6: adrenal surgery. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 77(3):220\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ando.2016.01.009","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2011.0566","volume":"26","author":"SH Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi SH, Kwon TG, Kim T-H (2012) Active potassium supplementation might be mandatory during laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary hyperaldosteronism. J Endourol 26(6):666\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/end.2011.0566","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1615_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2234","volume":"97","author":"E Fischer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischer E, Hanslik G, Pallauf A et al (2012) Prolonged zona glomerulosa insufficiency causing hyperkalemia in primary aldosteronism after adrenalectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(11):3965\u20133973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-2234","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-017-0451-y","volume":"69","author":"M Iacobone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iacobone M, Citton M, Viel G, Schiavone D, Torresan F (2017) Surgical approaches in hereditary endocrine tumors. Updates Surg 69(2):181\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13304-017-0451-y","journal-title":"Updates Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"1615_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4519-y","volume":"22","author":"M Livingstone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Livingstone M, Duttchen K, Thompson J et al (2015) Hemodynamic stability during pheochromocytoma resection: lessons learned over the last two decades. Ann Surg Oncol 22(13):4175\u20134180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-015-4519-y","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"22","key":"1615_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215245","volume":"369","author":"E Louiset","year":"2013","unstructured":"Louiset E, Duparc C, Young J et al (2013) Intraadrenal corticotropin in bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 369(22):2115\u20132125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1215245","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R57","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0296","volume":"179","author":"I Bourdeau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bourdeau I, El Ghorayeb N, Gagnon N, Lacroix A (2018) Management of endocrine disease: differential diagnosis, investigation and therapy of bilateral adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol 179(2):R57\u2013R67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-18-0296","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.1.4501","volume":"83","author":"L Barzon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barzon L, Scaroni C, Sonino N et al (1998) Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors: endocrine and scintigraphic correlates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(1):55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.83.1.4501","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1615_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000536","volume":"27","author":"DA Vassiliadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vassiliadi DA, Partsalaki E, Tsagarakis S (2020) Approach to patients with bilateral adrenal incidentalomas. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 27(3):125\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MED.0000000000000536","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"8","key":"1615_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.3275\/7349","volume":"34","author":"NM Albiger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albiger NM, Occhi G, Sanguin F et al (2011) Adrenal nodules in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease: prevalence, clinical significance and follow-up. J Endocrinol Invest 34(8):e204\u2013e209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3275\/7349","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0848","volume":"171","author":"E Vassilatou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vassilatou E, Vryonidou A, Ioannidis D, Paschou SA, Panagou M, Tzavara I (2014) Bilateral adrenal incidentalomas differ from unilateral adrenal incidentalomas in subclinical cortisol hypersecretion but not in potential clinical implications. Eur J Endocrinol 171(1):37\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-13-0848","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0776-6","volume":"51","author":"SA Paschou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paschou SA, Kandaraki E, Dimitropoulou F, Goulis DG, Vryonidou A (2016) Subclinical Cushing\u2019s syndrome in patients with bilateral compared to unilateral adrenal incidentalomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine 51(2):225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-015-0776-6","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1615_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0777","volume":"168","author":"V Morelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morelli V, Palmieri S, Salcuni AS et al (2013) Bilateral and unilateral adrenal incidentalomas: biochemical and clinical characteristics. Eur J Endocrinol 168(2):235\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-12-0777","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0506","volume":"183","author":"F Majidi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Majidi F, Martino S, Kondakci M et al (2020) Clinical spectrum of primary adrenal lymphoma: results of a multicenter cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 183(4):453\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-19-0506","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09536-6","volume":"21","author":"D Regazzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Regazzo D, Barbot M, Scaroni C, Albiger N, Occhi G (2020) The pathogenic role of the GIP\/GIPR axis in human endocrine tumors: emerging clinical mechanisms beyond diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 21(1):165\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-019-09536-6","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1615_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0253","volume":"157","author":"NM Albiger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Albiger NM, Occhi G, Mariniello B et al (2007) Food-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: from molecular characterization to therapeutical results. Eur J Endocrinol 157(6):771\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-07-0253","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1615_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1501","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4237","volume":"99","author":"GA Alencar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alencar GA, Lerario AM, Nishi MY et al (2014) ARMC5 mutations are a frequent cause of primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(8):E1501\u2013E1509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-4237","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"1615_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R567","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-19-0240","volume":"26","author":"DA Vassiliadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vassiliadi DA, Tsagarakis S (2019) Diagnosis and management of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Endocr Relat Cancer 26(10):R567\u2013R581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-19-0240","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"22","key":"1615_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304603","volume":"369","author":"G Assi\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Assi\u00e9 G, Lib\u00e9 R, Espiard S et al (2013) ARMC5 mutations in macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with cushing\u2019s syndrome. N Engl J Med 369(22):2105\u20132114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1304603","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1615_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.027","volume":"460","author":"IP Cavalcante","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cavalcante IP, Nishi M, Zerbini MCN et al (2018) The role of ARMC5 in human cell cultures from nodules of primary macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PMAH). Mol Cell Endocrinol 460:36\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.027","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1615_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000236","volume":"64","author":"BB da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2020","unstructured":"da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o BB, Cavalcante IP, Kremer JL et al (2020) ARMC5 mutations are associated with high levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the presence of the serotonin receptor 5HT4R in PMAH nodules. Arch Endocrinol Metab 64(4):390\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20945\/2359-3997000000236","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1615_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2648","volume":"100","author":"U Elbelt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elbelt U, Trovato A, Kloth M et al (2015) Molecular and clinical evidence for an ARMC5 tumor syndrome: concurrent inactivating germline and somatic mutations are associated with both primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia and meningioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(1):E119\u2013E128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-2648","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-021-01615-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40618-021-01615-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-021-01615-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T21:15:46Z","timestamp":1636233346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40618-021-01615-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-021-01615-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be perceived as influencing the impartiality of the reported research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All the procedures performed in our study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional Ethic Committee (Comitato Etico per la Sperimentazione Scientifica, CESC of Padova), and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent has been obtained in the manuscript reported.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and patient consent"}}]}}