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To understand the distinct molecular pathology of each entity present in the same gland, the gene expression profile was evaluated by using the Affymetrix technology.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Total RNA was extracted from nodular and healthy tissues of two patients and double-strand cDNA was synthesized. Biotinylated cRNA was obtained and, after chemical fragmentation, was hybridized on U133A and B arrays. Each array was stained and the acquired images were analyzed to obtain the expression levels of the transcripts. Both functioning and non-functioning nodules were compared versus healthy tissue of the corresponding patient.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>About 16% of genes were modulated in functioning nodules, while in non-functioning nodules only 9% of genes were modulated with respect to the healthy tissue. In functioning nodules of both patients and up-regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 was observed, suggesting the presence of a possible feedback control of proliferation. Complement components C1s, C7 and C3 were down-regulated in both types of nodules, suggesting a silencing of the innate immune response. Cellular fibronectin precursor was up-regulated in both functioning nodules suggesting a possible increase of endothelial cells. Finally, Frizzled-1 was down-regulated only in functioning nodules, suggesting a role of Wnt signaling pathway in the proliferation and differentiation of these tumors. None of the thyroid-specific gene was deregulated in microarray analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In conclusion, the main finding from our data is a similar modulation for both kinds of nodules in genes possibly implicated in thyroid growth.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01660-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T18:02:54Z","timestamp":1629223374000},"page":"399-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gene expression profile in functioning and non-functioning nodules of autonomous multinodular goiter from an area of iodine deficiency: unexpected common characteristics between the two entities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Agretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ferrarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Di Cosmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Montanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Bagattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Chiovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Tonacchera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1660_CR1","first-page":"564","volume-title":"Werner and Ingbar\u2019s the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text","author":"B Corvilain","year":"2000","unstructured":"Corvilain B, Dumont JE, Vassart G (2000) Toxic adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter. 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