{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:07:33Z","timestamp":1773288453468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Endocrinol Invest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Post-prandial hyperglycemia remains an unmet need in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). In randomized trials, faster insulin aspart (FIA) showed modest but significant reductions of glycemic spikes after meals. Whether such benefit is evident in routine clinical practice is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed data of patients with T1D at the time they switched from a prior bolus insulin to FIA and at the first available follow-up. The primary endpoint was the change in the time spent in hyperglycemia\u2009&gt;\u2009250\u00a0mg\/dl during daytime from flash glucose monitoring (FGM). Secondary outcomes included the change in HbA1c, body weight, insulin dose and other FGM metrics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We included 117 patients with T1D on multiple daily injections who switched to FIA, 57 of whom had data from FGM. Patients were 41-year-old, 51.3% men, with 19.3\u00a0years diabetes duration and a baseline HbA1c of 7.7% (60\u00a0mmol\/mol). Mean observation time was 4.3\u00a0months. After switching to FIA, HbA1c declined by 0.1% (1\u00a0mmol\/mol) only in patients with baseline HbA1c\u2009&gt;\u20097.0% (53\u00a0mmol\/mol). Time spent in hyperglycemia\u2009&gt;\u2009250\u00a0mg\/dl during daytime was significantly reduced from 14.8 to 11.9% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006). Time in range improved from 48.3 to 51.0% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028). Results were consistent across various patient characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Under routine care, patients with T1D who switched to FIA experienced a reduction in the time spent in hyperglycemia\u2009&gt;\u2009250\u00a0mg\/dl during daytime and an increase in time in range. These improvements may be due to better control of post-prandial hyperglycemia, as observed in trials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01745-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T14:15:37Z","timestamp":1643724937000},"page":"1181-1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Glycemic control after switching to faster aspart in adults with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6510-2097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. P.","family":"Fadini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Boscari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Falaguasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ferretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Maran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Avogaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Bruttomesso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1745_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2016.0443","volume":"19","author":"P Rossetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rossetti P, Quiros C, Moscardo V, Comas A, Gimenez M, Ampudia-Blasco FJ, Leon F, Montaser E, Conget I, Bondia J, Vehi J (2017) Closed-loop control of postprandial glycemia using an insulin-on-board limitation through continuous action on glucose target. Diabetes Technol Ther 19:355\u2013362","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"1745_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2149","volume":"42","author":"T Danne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Danne T, Cariou B, Buse JB, Garg SK, Rosenstock J, Banks P, Kushner JA, McGuire DK, Peters AL, Sawhney S, Strumph P (2019) Improved time in range and glycemic variability with sotagliflozin in combination with insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 24-week continuous glucose monitoring data from the intandem program. Diabetes Care 42:919\u2013930","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1745_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0135","volume":"19","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ceriello A (2017) Targeting one-hour postmeal glucose: is it time for a paradigm switch in diabetes management? Diabetes Technol Ther 19:493\u2013497","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"1745_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1525344","volume":"35","author":"S Heller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heller S, Meneghini L, Nikolajsen A, Kragh N, Lewis HB, Saretsky T, Kosmas CE, Lloyd A (2019) Towards a better understanding of postprandial hyperglycemic episodes in people with diabetes: impact on daily functioning. Curr Med Res Opin 35:525\u2013533","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"1745_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-016-0175-x","volume":"7","author":"M Brod","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brod M, Nikolajsen A, Weatherall J, Pfeiffer KM (2016) Understanding post-prandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a web-based survey in Germany, the UK, and USA. Diabetes Ther 7:335\u2013348","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"1745_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-016-0154-2","volume":"7","author":"M Brod","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brod M, Nikolajsen A, Weatherall J, Pfeiffer KM (2016) The economic burden of post-prandial hyperglycemia (PPH) among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in three countries. Diabetes Ther 7:75\u201390","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"1745_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.09.019","volume":"30","author":"S Madsbad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madsbad S (2016) Impact of postprandial glucose control on diabetes-related complications: How is the evidence evolving? J Diabetes Complications 30:374\u2013385","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"1745_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13963","volume":"22","author":"DR Owens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Owens DR, Bolli GB (2020) The continuing quest for better subcutaneously administered prandial insulins: a review of recent developments and potential clinical implications. Diabetes Obes Metab 22:743\u2013754","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"1745_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-019-2578-7","volume":"36","author":"J Kildegaard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kildegaard J, Buckley ST, Nielsen RH, Povlsen GK, Seested T, Ribel U, Olsen HB, Ludvigsen S, Jeppesen CB, Refsgaard HHF, Bendtsen KM, Kristensen NR, Hostrup S, Sturis J (2019) Elucidating the mechanism of absorption of fast-acting insulin aspart: the role of niacinamide. Pharm Res 36:49","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"1745_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0514-8","volume":"56","author":"T Heise","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heise T, Pieber TR, Danne T, Erichsen L, Haahr H (2017) A pooled analysis of clinical pharmacology trials investigating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fast-acting insulin aspart in adults with type 1 diabetes. Clin Pharmacokinet 56:551\u2013559","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"1745_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14515","volume":"38","author":"R Pal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pal R, Banerjee M, Bhadada SK (2021) Glycaemic efficacy and safety of mealtime faster-acting insulin aspart administered by injection as compared to insulin aspart in people with diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabet Med 38:e14515","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"1745_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","volume":"42","author":"T Battelino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Battelino T, Danne T, Bergenstal RM, Amiel SA, Beck R, Biester T, Bosi E, Buckingham BA, Cefalu WT, Close KL, Cobelli C, Dassau E, DeVries JH, Donaghue KC, Dovc K, Doyle FJ 3rd, Garg S, Grunberger G, Heller S, Heinemann L, Hirsch IB, Hovorka R, Jia W, Kordonouri O, Kovatchev B, Kowalski A, Laffel L, Levine B, Mayorov A, Mathieu C, Murphy HR, Nimri R, Norgaard K, Parkin CG, Renard E, Rodbard D, Saboo B, Schatz D, Stoner K, Urakami T, Weinzimer SA, Phillip M (2019) Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range. Diabetes Care 42:1593\u20131603","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1745_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0636","volume":"40","author":"RW Beck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beck RW, Connor CG, Mullen DM, Wesley DM, Bergenstal RM (2017) The Fallacy of average: how using hba1c alone to assess glycemic control can be misleading. Diabetes Care 40:994\u2013999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1745_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1444","volume":"42","author":"RW Beck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Riddlesworth TD, Kollman C, Li Z, Brown AS, Close KL (2019) Validation of time in range as an outcome measure for diabetes clinical trials. Diabetes Care 42:400\u2013405","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1745_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0738","volume":"43","author":"H Deshmukh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deshmukh H, Wilmot EG, Gregory R, Barnes D, Narendran P, Saunders S, Furlong N, Kamaruddin S, Banatwalla R, Herring R, Kilvert A, Patmore J, Walton C, Ryder REJ, Sathyapalan T (2020) Effect of Flash Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control, Hypoglycemia, Diabetes-Related Distress, and Resource Utilization in the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) Nationwide Audit. Diabetes Care 43:2153\u20132160","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1745_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.12.015","volume":"137","author":"TC Dunn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dunn TC, Xu Y, Hayter G, Ajjan RA (2018) Real-world flash glucose monitoring patterns and associations between self-monitoring frequency and glycaemic measures: A European analysis of over 60 million glucose tests. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 137:37\u201346","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1745_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2020.0360","volume":"23","author":"T Danne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danne T, Axel Schweitzer M, Keuthage W, Kipper S, Kretzschmar Y, Simon J, Wiedenmann T, Ziegler R (2021) Impact of fast-acting insulin aspart on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes using intermittent-scanning continuous glucose monitoring within a real-world setting: The GoBolus study. Diabetes Technol Ther 23:203\u2013212","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"1745_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.08.001","volume":"27","author":"GP Fadini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fadini GP, Zatti G, Consoli A, Bonora E, Sesti G, Avogaro A (2017) Rationale and design of the DARWIN-T2D (DApagliflozin Real World evIdeNce in Type 2 Diabetes): A multicenter retrospective nationwide Italian study and crowdsourcing opportunity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 27:1089\u20131097","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1745_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1771","volume":"40","author":"D Russell-Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Russell-Jones D, Bode BW, De Block C, Franek E, Heller SR, Mathieu C, Philis-Tsimikas A, Rose L, Woo VC, Osterskov AB, Graungaard T, Bergenstal RM (2017) Fast-acting insulin aspart improves glycemic control in basal-bolus treatment for type 1 diabetes: results of a 26-week multicenter, active-controlled, treat-to-target, randomized, parallel-group trial (onset 1). Diabetes Care 40:943\u2013950","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1745_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02941.x","volume":"27","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"2010","unstructured":"DeFronzo RA, Stonehouse AH, Han J, Wintle ME (2010) Relationship of baseline HbA1c and efficacy of current glucose-lowering therapies: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabet Med 27:309\u2013317","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"1745_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1131","volume":"41","author":"J Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu J, Ma X, Zhou J, Zhang L, Mo Y, Ying L, Lu W, Zhu W, Bao Y, Vigersky RA, Jia W (2018) Association of time in range, as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 41:2370\u20132376","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1745_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13525","volume":"35","author":"D Slattery","year":"2018","unstructured":"Slattery D, Amiel SA, Choudhary P (2018) Optimal prandial timing of bolus insulin in diabetes management: a review. Diabet Med 35:306\u2013316","journal-title":"Diabet Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-022-01745-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40618-022-01745-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-022-01745-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T10:40:08Z","timestamp":1652352008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40618-022-01745-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-022-01745-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"GPF received grants, consultancy or lecture fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Lilly, Merck-Sharp-Dome, Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda. FB have received lecture fees from Abbott and Roche, Eli Lilly, Lifescan, Sanofi. AA received research grants, lecture or advisory board fees from: Merck-Sharp-Dome, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Sanofi, Mediolanum, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Servier, Takeda. DB have received lecture fees from Abbott, Lilly, Roche, Sanofi and advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Becton Dickinson, Sanofi. DF, SF, and AM have nothing to disclose. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. GPF is an Associate Editor for the Journal of Endocrinological Investigations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in agreement with the principles of the declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was cleared to by the Ethical Committee of the University Hospital of Padova (prot. no. 177n\/AO\/21).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Patients provided written informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}