{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:06:31Z","timestamp":1777039591346,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD 06\/0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD 06\/0045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI10\/02293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI13\/00615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/01668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/01795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/00564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI10\/02658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/01798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/01764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G03\/140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G03\/140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017266","name":"Gobierno de Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["27\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017266","name":"Gobierno de Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["45\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017266","name":"Gobierno de Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"Plan Nacional sobre Drogas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004435","name":"Universidad de Navarra","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004435","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Endocrinol Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with multiple chronic diseases, including metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the study was to analyze the association between validated predicted serum vitamin D status and the risk of developing T2D in a large prospective cohort based on a Mediterranean population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The SUN project is a prospective and dynamic Spanish cohort that gathers university graduates who have answered lifestyle questionnaires, including a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. The association between predicted serum vitamin D and the risk of T2D was assessed through Cox regression models according to quartiles (Q) of predicted vitamin D at baseline. The models were adjusted for potential confounders and sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the robustness of our findings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study included a total of 18,594 participants and after a total follow-up of 238,078 person-years (median follow-up of 13.5\u00a0years), 209 individuals were diagnosed with incident T2D. We found a significant inverse association between predicted levels of serum vitamin D and the risk of developing T2D, after adjusting for potential confounders and performing different sensitivity analyses (hazard ratio Q4 vs. Q1: 0.48, 95% CI 0.26\u20130.88; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> for trend\u2009=\u20090.032).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The outcomes suggest that higher levels of vitamin D at baseline may be associated with a reduced risk of developing T2D.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-024-02324-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T19:01:42Z","timestamp":1709924502000},"page":"2313-2323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vitamin D and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the SUN project: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Valer-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-3263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Sayon-Orea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. J.","family":"Basterra-Gortari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Martinez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bes-Rastrollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2324_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61032-X","volume":"365","author":"M Stumvoll","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stumvoll M, Goldstein BJ, van Haeften T (2005) Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Lancet 365:1333\u20131346","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2324_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB et al (2022) IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 183:109\u2013119","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2324_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","volume":"103","author":"KD Cashman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cashman KD, Dowling KG, \u0160krab\u00e1kov\u00e1 Z, Gonzalez-Gross M, Valtue\u00f1a J, De Henauw S et al (2016) Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic? Am J Clin Nutr 103(4):1033\u20131044","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2324_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.227728","volume":"146","author":"RL Schleicher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schleicher RL, Sternberg MR, Looker AC, Yetley EA, Lacher DA, Sempos CT et al (2016) National estimates of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D and metabolite concentrations measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the US population during 2007\u20132010. J Nutr 146(5):1051\u20131061","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2324_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","volume":"74","author":"K Amrein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amrein K, Scherkl M, Hoffmann M, Neuwersch-Sommeregger S, K\u00f6stenberger M, Tmava Berisha A et al (2020) Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. Eur J Clin Nutr 74:1498\u20131513","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2324_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","volume":"18","author":"MF Holick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holick MF (2017) The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 18(2):153\u2013165","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"2324_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) (2011) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. In: Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al. (eds.) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC), National Academies Press (US). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/13050https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK56070\/","DOI":"10.17226\/13050"},{"key":"2324_CR8","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Vitamin D Health, Disease and Therapeutics","author":"JM Roseland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roseland JM, Phillips KM, Patterson KY, Pehrsson PR, Taylor CL (2018) Vitamin D in Foods: An Evolution of Knowledge. Vitamin D Health, Disease and Therapeutics, vol 2, 4th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam The Netherlands, pp 41\u201378","edition":"4"},{"issue":"7","key":"2324_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097","volume":"12","author":"N Charoenngam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Charoenngam N, Holick MF (2020) Immunologic effects of vitamin d on human health and disease. Nutrients 12(7):1\u201328","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2324_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0707-x","volume":"40","author":"S Giovinazzo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giovinazzo S, Alibrandi A, Campenn\u00ec A et al (2017) Correlation of cardio-metabolic parameters with vitamin D status in healthy premenopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest 40:1337\u20131343","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"2324_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa594","volume":"105","author":"AG Pittas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pittas AG, Jorde R, Kawahara T, Dawson-Hughes B (2020) Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: to D or Not to D? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(12):3721\u20133733","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2324_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.193003","volume":"59","author":"S Afzal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Afzal S, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG (2013) Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and metaanalysis. Clin Chem 59(2):381\u2013391","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2324_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0962","volume":"36","author":"Y Song","year":"2013","unstructured":"Song Y, Wang L, Pittas AG, Del Gobbo LC, Zhang C, Manson JE et al (2013) Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 36(5):1422\u20131428","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2324_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061742","author":"S Rafiq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rafiq S, Jeppesen PB (2021) Insulin resistance is inversely associated with the status of vitamin d in both diabetic and non-diabetic populations. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13061742","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"2324_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040794","volume":"11","author":"I Szymczak-Pajor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor I, \u015aliwi\u0144ska A (2019) Analysis of association between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance. Nutrients 11(4):794","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"2324_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030642","volume":"11","author":"A Mu\u00f1oz-Garach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Garach A, Garc\u00eda-Fontana B, Mu\u00f1oz-Torres M (2019) Vitamin D status, calcium intake and risk of developing type 2 diabetes: an unresolved issue. Nutrients 11(3):1\u201317","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"2324_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900906","volume":"381","author":"AG Pittas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan P, Ware JH, Knowler WC, Aroda VR et al (2019) Vitamin D Supplementation and prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 381(6):520\u2013530","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2324_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-066222","volume":"377","author":"T Kawahara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kawahara T, Suzuki G, Mizuno S, Inazu T, Kasagi F, Kawahara C et al (2022) Effect of active vitamin D treatment on development of type 2 diabetes: DPVD randomised controlled trial in Japanese population. BMJ 377:e066222","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2324_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4013","volume":"101","author":"R Jorde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jorde R, Sollid ST, Svartberg J, Schirmer H, Joakimsen RM, Nj\u00f8lstad I et al (2016) Vitamin D 20 000 IU per week for five years does not prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101(4):1647\u20131655","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2324_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030375","volume":"10","author":"X Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li X, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Wang P, Zhang Y (2018) The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 10(3):375","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2324_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01057-y","volume":"42","author":"F Saponaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saponaro F, Marcocci C, Zucchi R (2019) Vitamin D status and cardiovascular outcome. J Endocrinol Invest 42:1285\u20131290","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"2324_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040439","volume":"10","author":"S Carlos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carlos S, De La Fuente-Arrillaga C, Bes-Rastrollo M, Razquin C, Rico-Camp\u00e0 A, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA et al (2018) Mediterranean diet and health outcomes in the SUN cohort. Nutrients 10(4):1\u201324","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2324_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114366","volume":"24","author":"W Willett","year":"1986","unstructured":"Willett W, Stampfer MJ (1986) Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol 24(1):17\u201327","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2324_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523000946","author":"A Valer-Martinez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valer-Martinez A, Sayon-Orea C, Alfredo J, Hernandez M, De La Fuente-Arrillaga C, Rojas JP et al (2023) Forecasting levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D based on dietary intake, lifestyle and personal determinants in a sample of Southern Europeans. Br J Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114523000946","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2324_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.3.512","volume":"22","author":"JM Martin-Moreno","year":"1993","unstructured":"Martin-Moreno JM, Boyle P, Gorgojo L, Maisonneuve P, Fernandez-Rodriguez JC, Salvini S et al (1993) Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire in Spain. Int J Epidemiol 22(3):512\u2013519","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2324_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009993065","volume":"13","author":"C De La Fuente-Arrillaga","year":"2010","unstructured":"De La Fuente-Arrillaga C, Vazquez Ruiz Z, Bes-Rastrollo M, Sampson L, Martinez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA (2010) Reproducibility of an FFQ validated in Spain. Public Health Nutr 13(9):1364\u20131372","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2324_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993837","volume":"103","author":"JD Fern\u00e1ndez-Ballart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ballart JD, Llu\u00eds Pi\u00f1ol J, Zazpe I, Corella D, Carrasco P, Toledo E et al (2010) Relative validity of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in an elderly mediterranean population of Spain. Br J Nutr 103(12):1808\u20131816","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2324_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005745","volume":"8","author":"MA Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, L\u00f3pez-Fontana C, Varo JJ, S\u00e1nchez-Villegas A, Martinez JA (2005) Validation of the Spanish version of the physical activity questionnaire used in the nurses\u2019 health study and the health professionals\u2019 follow-up study. Public Health Nutr 8(7):920\u2013927","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"7657","key":"2324_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39561.501007.BE","volume":"336","author":"MA Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, De La Fuente-Arrillaga C, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Beunza JJ, Vazquez Z et al (2008) Adherence to mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: prospective cohort study. BMJ 336(7657):1348\u20131351","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2324_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","volume":"46","author":"NA ElSayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D et al (2023) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes\u20142023. Diabetes Care 46:S19\u2013S40","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2324_CR31","first-page":"352","volume":"3","author":"M Bes-Rastrollo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bes-Rastrollo M, Valdivieso-P\u00e9rez J, S\u00e1nchez-Villegas A, Alonso A, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA (2005) Validaci\u00f3n del peso e \u00edndice de masa corporal auto-declarados de los participantes de una cohorte de graduados universitarios [validation of self-reported weight and body mass index of participants from a cohort of college graduates]. Rev Esp Obes 3:352\u2013358","journal-title":"Rev Esp Obes"},{"key":"2324_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025039","volume":"26","author":"A Trichopoulou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D (2003) Adherence to a mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med 26:2599\u20132608","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2324_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1708","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Tan H, Tang J, Li J, Chong W, Hai Y et al (2020) Effects of vitamin D supplementation on prevention of type 2 diabetes in patients with prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 43(7):1650\u20131658","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2324_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70184-6","volume":"3","author":"Z Ye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ye Z, Sharp SJ, Burgess S, Scott RA, Imamura F, Langenberg C et al (2015) Association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and incident type 2 diabetes: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3(1):35\u201342","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2324_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6806","volume":"27","author":"V \u00c1vila-Rubio","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-Rubio V, Garc\u00eda-Fontana B, Novo-Rodr\u00edguez C, Cantero-Hinojosa J, Reyes-Garc\u00eda R, Mu\u00f1oz-Torres M (2018) Higher levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D are related to improved glucose homeostasis in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Womens Health 27(8):1007\u20131015","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2324_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193070","volume":"13","author":"SK Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park SK, Garland CF, Gorham ED, BuDoff L, Barrett-Connor E (2018) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: 12-year cohort study. PLoS ONE 13(4):1\u201317","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2324_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_16","volume":"996","author":"CM Issa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Issa CM (2017) Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adv Exp Med Biol 996:193\u2013205","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2324_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2020-0055","volume":"42","author":"K Vondra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vondra K, Hampl R (2021) Vitamin D and new insights into pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 42(2):203\u2013208","journal-title":"Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2324_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.09.010","volume":"43","author":"J Mitri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitri J, Pittas AG (2014) Vitamin D and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 43(1):205\u2013232","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2324_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000486083","volume":"50","author":"E Maddaloni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maddaloni E, Cavallari I, Napoli N, Conte C (2018) Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus. Front Horm Res 50:161\u2013176","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2324_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-3018","volume":"176","author":"AG Pittas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pittas AG, Kawahara T, Jorde R, Dawson-Hughes B, Vickery EM, Angellotti E et al (2023) Vitamin D and risk for type 2 diabetes in people with prediabetes. Ann Intern Med 176(3):355\u2013364","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2324_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110792","volume":"202","author":"DS Hsia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hsia DS, Nelson J, Vickery EM, Rasouli N, LeBlanc ES, Kim S et al (2023) Effect of vitamin D on regression to normal glucose regulation and individual glycemic measures: a secondary analysis among participants adherent to the trial protocol in the randomized clinical trial vitamin D and type 2 diabetes (D2d) study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 202:110792","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2324_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.12.008","volume":"148","author":"M Niroomand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niroomand M, Fotouhi A, Irannejad N, Hosseinpanah F (2019) Does high-dose vitamin D supplementation impact insulin resistance and risk of development of diabetes in patients with pre-diabetes? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 148(2):1\u20139","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2324_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1201-y","author":"A Sacerdote","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sacerdote A, Dave P, Lokshin V, Bahtiyar G (2019) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, insulin resistance, and vitamin d. Curr Diab Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-019-1201-y","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2324_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-00549-w","volume":"20","author":"LHM Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed LHM, Butler AE, Dargham SR, Latif A, Robay A, Chidiac OM et al (2020) Association of vitamin D2 and D3 with type 2 diabetes complications. BMC Endocr Disord 20(1):65","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2324_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-016-0745-x","volume":"18","author":"JR Palmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palmer JR, Gerlovin H, Bethea TN, Bertrand KA, Holick MF, Ruiz-Narvaez EN et al (2016) Predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D in relation to incidence of breast cancer in a large cohort of African American women. Breast Cancer Res 18(1):86","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2324_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx109","volume":"28","author":"MA Fuchs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuchs MA, Yuan C, Sato K, Niedzwiecki D, Ye X, Saltz LB et al (2017) Predicted vitamin D status and colon cancer recurrence and mortality in CALGB 89803 (Alliance). Ann Oncol 28(6):1359\u20131367","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2324_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451500361X","volume":"114","author":"SB Petersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petersen SB, Str\u00f8m M, Maslova E, Granstr\u00f6m C, Vestergaard P, M\u00f8lgaard C et al (2015) Predicted vitamin D status during pregnancy in relation to offspring forearm fractures in childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Br J Nutr 114(11):1900\u20131908","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2324_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.07.015","volume":"172","author":"KS Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones KS, Redmond J, Fulford AJ, Jarjou L, Zhou B, Prentice A et al (2017) Diurnal rhythms of vitamin D binding protein and total and free vitamin D metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 172:130\u2013135","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2324_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1297820","volume":"34","author":"G Lombardi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lombardi G, Vitale JA, Logoluso S, Logoluso G, Cocco N, Cocco G et al (2017) Circannual rhythm of plasmatic vitamin D levels and the association with markers of psychophysical stress in a cohort of Italian professional soccer players. Chronobiol Int 34(4):471\u2013479","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2324_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys223","volume":"42","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Gallacher JEJ, Hatch EE (2013) Why representativeness should be avoided. Int J Epidemiol 42(4):1012\u20131021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-024-02324-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40618-024-02324-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-024-02324-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T08:32:02Z","timestamp":1725265922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40618-024-02324-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-024-02324-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis and interpretation of the data; they did not intervene either in the writing process nor the decision to publish the outcomes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Navarra and complies with the guidelines for studies involving human participation. The SUN cohort is registered at  with number of registry NCT02669602.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}},{"value":"The present study was conducted according the Declaration of Helsinki\u2019s guidelines and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Navarra.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board"}},{"value":"All participants gave informed consent through voluntary fulfillment of the baseline questionnaire.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}