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Therefore, we combined Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing to explore molecular markers of PTC and to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which estrogen promotes PTC development.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The expression levels of ESR1 (ER\u03b1) and KRT19 in normal thyroid tissues and cancer tissues as well as in different cancer stages, races, genders, age groups, histological subtypes and nodular metastasis status of the TCGA database were analyzed online by Ualcan; the relationship between ESR1, KRT19 and the survival of THCA patients was analyzed. A PTC xenograft tumor model was established. An ER\u03b1 specific inhibitor (MPP) was administered and an EDU cell proliferation assay was used to verify the effect of estrogen on PTC proliferation. KRT19 was knocked down in KTC-1 cells, and the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of PTC cells were determined using CCK-8, immunofluorescence labeling, Western blot for EMT-related proteins, scratch assay, and Transwell assay. The role of ER\u03b1 in relation to KRT19 was investigated by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The effects of ER\u03b1\/KRT19 signaling axis on the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of PTC cells were evaluated using EDU cell proliferation assay and Transwell. Using ONT sequencing, 15 pairs of PTC tissue and paracancer tissue samples were collected. A PPI network was constructed to validate the differential expression of KRT19 in combination with biosignature analysis, and the protein interaction between KRT19 and ESR1 was verified using STRING.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Ualcan showed that the expression of ESR1 and KRT19 was higher in THCA tissues than in normal thyroid tissues. E2 activation of ER\u03b1 promoted the growth of PTC cells and tissues. si-KRT19 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of PTC cells. KRT19 together with ER\u03b1 formed the ER\u03b1\/KRT19 signaling axis. E2 activation of the ER\u03b1\/KRT19 signaling axis promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PTC cells. ONT sequencing and STRING website verified that KRT19 is significantly differentially expressed in PTC and that ESR1 and KRT19 have protein interactions and are related to the estrogen signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using public databases, RNA sequencing, and bioinformatics, we discovered that E2 stimulates the ER\u03b1\/KRT19 signaling axis to stimulate PTC proliferation, migration, and invasion.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-024-02473-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T10:02:20Z","timestamp":1729850540000},"page":"653-670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Estrogen enhances the proliferation, migration, and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma via the ER\u03b1\/KRT19 signaling axis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Z. 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All samples were collected with the informed consent of the patients. The ONT sequencing used in the study was performed with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University (Approval Number: KX 2021011).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}