{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:44:22Z","timestamp":1793324662489,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Endocrinol Invest"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Arterial hypertension is characterised by elevated blood pressure (BP) leading to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and organ damage. Its prevalence in childhood is around 5% and children should be screened from 3 years of age. Hypertension in childhood or adolescence requires exclusion of a secondary cause. Adrenal disorders frequently underlie secondary hypertension. presenting with imbalances of BP and pleiotropic clinical presentations. Examples are rare genetic defects leading to increased mineralocorticoid activity such as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) due to 11\u03b2-hydroxylase gene (\n CYP11B1<\/jats:italic>\n ) or 17-hydroxylase gene\n (CYP17A1)<\/jats:italic>\n mutation, and Familial Hyperaldosteronism (FH), due to 11\u03b2-hydroxylase 1 (\n CYP11B1<\/jats:italic>\n ) and 11\u03b2-hydroxylase 2 (\n CYP11B2<\/jats:italic>\n ) gene fusion, or to mutations of other genes involved in aldosterone production such as those codifying the chloride-voltage gated channel 2 (\n CLCN2<\/jats:italic>\n ), the potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 5 (\n KCNJ5<\/jats:italic>\n ), and the calcium voltage-gated channel subunits\u03b11 H and D (CACNA1H and CACNA1D).\u00a0The differential diagnosis of childhood hypertension also includes endogenous hypercortisolism (Cushing\u2019s syndrome) or phaeochromocytomas\/paragangliomas, neoplastic conditions potentially caused by germinal genetic alterations, in a specific familial syndrome. Lastly, peripheral glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid pathway disorders due to germline mutations in\n HSD-11B2<\/jats:italic>\n , codifying the enzyme 11\u03b2-dehydrogenase type 2,\n NR3C1<\/jats:italic>\n and\u00a0\n NR3C2<\/jats:italic>\n genes codifying the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C members 1 and 2 may also be responsible.\u00a0A systematic diagnostic approach based on published guidelines is still lacking, and diagnostic suspicions with referral for gene sequencing need to be identified. This review discusses the known causes of endocrine hypertension in children and adolescents, with an emphasis on prevalence, clinical presentation, genetic predisposition and therapeutic strategies.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-025-02633-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T05:20:25Z","timestamp":1750396825000},"page":"2515-2545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adrenal causes of endocrine hypertension in childhood or adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0496-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Bonaventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4301-6662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Hasenmajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4275-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Simeoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4276-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Pivonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3803-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7033-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Criscuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2210-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Tomaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Isidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley B.","family":"Grossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3354-009X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"De Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin O.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2633_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01688-3","volume":"398","author":"TN Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen TN, Chow CK (2021) Global and National high blood pressure burden and control. 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