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Participants were categorized by age (&lt;\u200914, 14\u201317, 18\u201331 years) and by exercise timing (morning, afternoon, evening), type (aerobic, anaerobic, mixed), and intensity (low, medium, high). Glycemic variables included mean glucose, time in range (TIR), time below range (TBR), time in level 2 hypoglycemia, time above range (TAR), time\u2009&gt;\u2009250\u00a0mg\/dL, and total daily insulin dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exercise timing and intensity had greater effects on glycemic outcomes than exercise type. Afternoon activity was associated with improved TIR and reduced TAR in younger participants, whereas morning exercise in adolescents was linked to higher TBR. Higher-intensity exercise was associated with greater TAR in adolescents whereas no significant differences in glycemic outcomes were found by exercise type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The timing and intensity of exercise significantly influence glycemic responses in youths with T1D, with notable age-related differences. Personalized PA recommendations should consider these factors to optimize glycemic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-025-02690-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T12:41:11Z","timestamp":1759236071000},"page":"3003-3012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of timing, type, and intensity of physical activity on glycemic outcomes in a cohort of well-controlled youth with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1608-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Codella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambra","family":"Bisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Minuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Vichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Faelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2690_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30014-1","volume":"5","author":"MC Riddell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riddell MC, Gallen IW, Smart CE, Taplin CE, Adolfsson P, Lumb AN et al (2017) Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement. 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