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Salivary cytokines were measured using multiplex immunoassays. Differences between oral conditions, clinical parameters and cytokines were tested and mediation models were used to evaluate the role of T1D and HbA1c.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      T1D subjects showed significantly higher frequencies of caries (67%\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      28.5%) and gingivitis (76%\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      42%) compared with HC (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), independently by oral hygiene habits. In T1D, the presence of caries and gingivitis is associated with unfavourable clinical outcomes, including higher HbA1c, triglycerides, and urinary creatinine (p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Salivary cytokine profile differed according to oral condition: caries was associated with reduced IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-\u03b3; gingivitis with elevated IL-1Ra and RANTES; and both conditions with increased IL-1\u03b2 (p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Mediation analyses revealed no significant influence of HbA1c.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children and young adults with T1D show a higher prevalence of oral diseases and distinct inflammatory profile, regardless of metabolic status. These findings call for routine integration of oral assessment in T1D management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-026-02808-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:18:27Z","timestamp":1767867507000},"page":"1403-1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral health and salivary inflammatory markers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4701-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eulalia","family":"Catamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Tornese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6697-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Navarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9116-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Aldegheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6458-1946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzia","family":"Zanotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9487-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manola","family":"Comar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3755-3181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Cadenaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2152-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta","family":"Robino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9911","key":"2808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","volume":"383","author":"MA Atkinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS, Michels AW (2014) Type 1 diabetes. 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