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Competing models of log T values as a function of age were statistically assessed, and the best model selected. Additionally, a cohort with self-reported hirsutism was compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A weakly skew-Normal distribution describes the best-fit distribution of log T values at any specific age, such that the mean decreases and the variance increases linearly with age. Analysis of the hirsutism cohort showed significantly higher T levels compared to the reference cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Establishing a reliable reference range for female T enables clinicians to differentiate between physiological and pathological states (e.g. hyperandrogenism). Here, we establish a robust, age-continuous reference range for T in a large female population under strict inclusion criteria. The findings underscore the importance of age-specific reference ranges and highlight a substantial decrease in T over adult life. This study provides a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers seeking to compare patient hormone levels to a reliable reference distribution of T levels in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-026-02929-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:59:17Z","timestamp":1782273557000},"page":"2339-2349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Redefining testosterone reference ranges for adult females"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9308-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Wainwright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2572-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Getreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7196-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Timpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Lawrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6728-8174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Woolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Brightmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Abbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3481-3459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen C.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2929_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.026","volume":"465","author":"KA Walters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walters KA, Handelsman DJ (2018) Role of androgens in the ovary. 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