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At 18 months post-delivery, patients underwent physical examinations, blood pressure monitoring, and biochemical assays, including oral glucose tolerance tests. Feeding practices were categorized as exclusive BF, partial BF, or formula feeding (FF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with PCOS demonstrated significantly shorter BF durations (9.6\u2009\u00b1\u20097.0 vs. 12.6\u2009\u00b1\u20095.9 months;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and lower exclusive BF rates (39.6% vs. 62.9%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to controls. At 18 months, the composite cardiometabolic outcome prevalence was 55.4% in the PCOS group versus 11.4% in controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Multivariate analysis identified exclusive BF as a potent independent factor associated with a significantly lower risk (adjusted OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.05\u20130.38;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) of cardiometabolic impairment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breastfeeding is associated with a significant reduction in long-term cardiometabolic risks in women with PCOS following complicated pregnancies. Supporting and optimizing lactation may represent a valuable non-pharmacological strategy to consider for this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-026-02948-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:53:17Z","timestamp":1782125597000},"page":"2845-2854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of breastfeeding on cardiometabolic risk in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2767-8295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Palomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0978-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Seminara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Costanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Cannarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Signore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Sarica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6950-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo E.","family":"Calogero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0938-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Caserta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2989-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Aversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2948_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)01024-7","volume":"387","author":"CG Victora","year":"2016","unstructured":"Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, Fran\u00e7a GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC, Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group (2016) Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. 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