{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:24:54Z","timestamp":1792783494683,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seoul National University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04h9pn542","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Endocrinol Invest"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the high burden of air pollutants, the association between air pollutant exposures and thyroid function in the general population is inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the association between annual exposure to air pollutants and thyroid function in Korean adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study included a total of 16,193 participants (8,812 males, 7,381 females; mean age: 53.8\u2009\u00b1\u200913.1 years) who underwent health examinations at Seoul National University and had thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations within the range of 0.1\u201310.0 mIU\/L. The yearly average levels of five air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and CO, were estimated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between annual ambient air pollutant exposures and thyroid function parameters, including TSH and free thyroxine (FT4).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Interquartile range (IQR) increases for PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      , NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and CO were positively associated with TSH and negatively associated with FT4 (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Significant non-linear associations were observed for PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\u2082 with log-transformed TSH, whereas all air pollutants showed non-linear associations with log-transformed FT4. The IQR increases of all air pollutants showed positive associations with the highest quartile of TSH (high TSH) and the lowest quartile of FT4 (low FT4), respectively. When thyroid function was categorized into four groups based on high\/low TSH and\/or high\/low FT4, significantly positive associations were demonstrated with high TSH\u2013low FT4 group, with the strongest association observed for PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42\u20131.69), followed by SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (1.38, 1.28\u20131.49), NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (1.36,1.23\u20131.50), PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      (1.25, 1.17\u20131.34), and CO (1.23, 1.15\u20131.31). The sex-stratified analyses demonstrated more prominent associations among females.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Yearly exposure levels of air pollutants were positively associated with TSH, negatively associated with FT4 levels, and significantly associated with high TSH-low FT4. These findings suggest that exposure to ambient air pollution may contribute to thyroid function alterations at the population level, highlighting the importance of air quality improvement. Further longitudinal studies were warranted to consolidate these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-026-02965-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T10:46:46Z","timestamp":1788000406000},"page":"2679-2691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between annual air pollutant exposure and thyroid function: a retrospective cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Sinyoung","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo Eun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Moon","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon Hee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4160-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3942-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2965_CR1","unstructured":"State of Global Air (2024) In., vol. Special Report. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute; 2024"},{"key":"2965_CR2","volume-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","author":"O World Health","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health O (2021) WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"issue":"1","key":"2965_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05092-8","volume":"7","author":"HC Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim HC, Kim S, Kim BU, Jin CS, Hong S, Park R, Son SW, Bae C, Bae M, Song CK et al (2017) Recent increase of surface particulate matter concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea. Sci Rep 7(1):4710","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2965_CR4","unstructured":"2023 Air Quality Annual Report (2024) In.: National Institute of Environmental Research"},{"issue":"17","key":"2965_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.099","volume":"72","author":"S Rajagopalan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rajagopalan S, Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD (2018) Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 72(17):2054\u20132070","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2965_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106416","volume":"151","author":"H Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao H, Shi J, Cheng H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y (2021) The impact of long- and short-term exposure to different ambient air pollutants on cognitive function in China. Environ Int 151:106416","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2965_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118245","volume":"292","author":"E Borroni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borroni E, Pesatori AC, Bollati V, Buoli M, Carugno M (2022) Air pollution exposure and depression: A comprehensive updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut 292:118245","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2965_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.01.010","volume":"54","author":"Y Shang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shang Y, Sun Z, Cao J, Wang X, Zhong L, Bi X, Li H, Liu W, Zhu T, Huang W (2013) Systematic review of Chinese studies of short-term exposure to air pollution and daily mortality. Environ Int 54:100\u2013111","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"2965_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.08.006","volume":"29","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wang X, Hu H, Qu H, Xu Y, Li Q (2023) Prevalence and Trends of Thyroid Disease Among Adults, 1999\u20132018. Endocr Pract 29(11):875\u2013880","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2965_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2409","volume":"99","author":"A Garmendia Madariaga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garmendia Madariaga A, Santos Palacios S, Guill\u00e9n-Grima F, Galofr\u00e9 JC (2014) The Incidence and Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Europe: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 99(3):923\u2013931","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"2965_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4184","volume":"99","author":"C Selmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, von Kappelgaard LM, Madsen JC, Hansen PR, Pedersen OD, Faber J, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH (2014) Subclinical and overt thyroid dysfunction and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: a large population study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(7):2372\u20132382","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2965_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13703","volume":"13","author":"P Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li P, Ding L, Zhen J, Hu J, Fan Y, Liu M (2022) Association of subtle alterations in thyroid function with presarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Invest 13(4):696\u2013705","journal-title":"J Diabetes Invest"},{"issue":"22","key":"2965_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028753","volume":"136","author":"C Baumgartner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baumgartner C, da Costa BR, Collet TH, Feller M, Floriani C, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, Heckbert SR, Ceresini G, Gussekloo J et al (2017) Thyroid Function Within the Normal Range, Subclinical Hypothyroidism, and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 136(22):2100\u20132116","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"2965_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvad096","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad096","volume":"7","author":"S Odawara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Odawara S, Shimbo T, Yamauchi T, Kobayashi D (2023) Association of Low-Normal Free T4 Levels With Future Major Depression Development. J Endocr Soc 7(8):bvad096","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"2965_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Kwon H, Yun JM, Cho B, Park JH (2020) Association Between Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Thyroid Function in Korean Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(8):dgaa338","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa338"},{"key":"2965_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166780","volume":"904","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhao K, Qian T, Li X, Yi W, Pan R, Huang Y, Ji Y, Su H (2023) Association between ambient air pollution and thyroid hormones levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ 904:166780","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2965_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00889-1","volume":"21","author":"S Vald\u00e9s","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vald\u00e9s S, Doulatram-Gamgaram V, Maldonado-Araque C, Lago-Sampedro A, Garc\u00eda-Escobar E, Garc\u00eda-Serrano S, Garc\u00eda-Vivanco M, Garrido Juan L, Theobald MR, Gil V et al (2022) Ambient air pollution and thyroid function in Spanish adults. A nationwide population-based study (Di@bet.es study). Environ Health 21(1):76","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2965_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12280.GL","volume":"18","author":"J Garber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garber J, Cobin R, Gharib H, Hennessey J, Klein I, Mechanick J, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer P, Woeber K (2012) American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Hypothyroidism in Adults. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract 18(6):988\u20131028","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2965_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.35.1.7","volume":"35","author":"JH Chung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung JH (2020) Update on Thyroid Hormone Levels and Thyroid Dysfunction in the Korean Population Based on Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013 to 2015). Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 35(1):7\u201313","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2965_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01322","volume":"102","author":"M Henze","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henze M, Brown SJ, Hadlow NC, Walsh JP (2017) Rationalizing Thyroid Function Testing: Which TSH Cutoffs Are Optimal for Testing Free T4? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102(11):4235\u20134241","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2965_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0170","volume":"90","author":"MI Surks","year":"2005","unstructured":"Surks MI, Goswami G, Daniels GH (2005) The Thyrotropin Reference Range Should Remain Unchanged. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 90(9):5489\u20135496","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"2965_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosma M, Du Puy RS, Ballieux B (2022) Screening for thyroid dysfunction with free T4 instead of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) improves efficiency in older adults in primary care. Age Ageing 51( 9) :afac215","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac215"},{"issue":"2","key":"2965_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2128636","volume":"59","author":"D Byun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Byun D, Schere KL (2006) Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System. Appl Mech Rev 59(2):51\u201377","journal-title":"Appl Mech Rev"},{"key":"2965_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109085","volume":"182","author":"Y-H Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim Y-H, Kim S, Han C, Bae H-J, Seo S-C, Hong Y-C (2020) Source country-specific burden on health due to high concentrations of PM2.5. Environ Res 182:109085","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2965_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa146","volume":"49","author":"Y-H Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim Y-H, Oh J, Han C, Bae H-J, Kim S, Jang Y, Ha E, Hong Y-C (2020) Long-term exposure to moderate fine particulate matter concentrations and cause-specific mortality in an ageing society. Int J Epidemiol 49(6):1792\u20131801","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2965_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117907","volume":"244","author":"I Oh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oh I, Hwang M-K, Bang J-H, Yang W, Kim S, Lee K, Seo S, Lee J, Kim Y (2021) Comparison of different hybrid modeling methods to estimate intraurban NO2 concentrations. Atmos Environ 244:117907","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2965_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.23.514","volume":"57","author":"J Oh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oh J, Lim YH, Han C, Lee DW, Myung J, Hong YC, Kim S, Bae HJ (2024) Mortality Burden Due to Short-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 57(2):185\u2013196","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2965_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005898","volume":"9","author":"M Hagstr\u00f6mer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hagstr\u00f6mer M, Oja P, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M (2006) The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public Health Nutr 9(6):755\u2013762","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"24","key":"2965_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","volume":"54","author":"FC Bull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, Carty C, Chaput JP, Chastin S, Chou R et al (2020) World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med 54(24):1451\u20131462","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2965_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vittinghoff E, Glidden DV, Shiboski SC, McCulloch CE (2012) Regression methods in biostatistics: linear, logistic, survival, and repeated measures models. Springer Science & Business Media","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1353-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"2965_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0043","volume":"29","author":"B Biondi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Biondi B, Cooper DS (2008) The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocr Rev 29(1):76\u2013131","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2965_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0780","volume":"29","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang X, Liu C, Zhang M, Han Y, Aase H, Villanger GD, Myhre O, Donkelaar AV, Martin RV, Baines EA et al (2019) Evaluation of Maternal Exposure to PM(2.5) and Its Components on Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function and Birth Weight: A Cohort Study. Thyroid 29(8):1147\u20131157","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2965_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113942","volume":"214","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Huels A, Makuch R, Zhou A, Zheng T, Xia W, Gaskins A, Makuch J, Zhu Z, Zhu C et al (2022) Association of exposure to ambient particulate matter with maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy. Environ Res 214(Pt 2):113942","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2965_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01461-9","volume":"44","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng Y, He H, Wang X, Zhang M, An Z (2021) Climate and air pollution exposure are associated with thyroid function parameters: a retrospective cross-sectional study. J Endocrinol Invest 44(7):1515\u20131523","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"18","key":"2965_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183464","volume":"16","author":"MA Zaccarelli-Marino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zaccarelli-Marino MA, Alessi R, Balderi TZ, Martins MAG (2019) Association between the Occurrence of Primary Hypothyroidism and the Exposure of the Population Near to Industrial Pollutants in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(18):3464","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2965_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119018","volume":"252","author":"K-N Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim K-N, Park S, Choi J, Hwang I-U (2024) Associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and thyroid function in a representative sample of the Korean population. Environ Res 252:119018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2965_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101545","volume":"34","author":"RS Gangwar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gangwar RS, Bevan GH, Palanivel R, Das L, Rajagopalan S (2020) Oxidative stress pathways of air pollution mediated toxicity: Recent insights. Redox Biol 34:101545","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2965_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101251","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101251","volume":"8","author":"YJ Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang YJ, Tan H-Y, Lee CY, Cho H (2021) An Air Particulate Pollutant Induces Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Human Brain Models. Adv Sci 8(21):2101251","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2965_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44678","volume":"121","author":"SM Wajner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wajner SM, Goemann IM, Bueno AL, Larsen PR, Maia AL (2011) IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells. J Clin Investig 121(5):1834\u20131845","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"issue":"3","key":"2965_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1350","volume":"146","author":"M Qatanani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Qatanani M, Zhang J, Moore DD (2005) Role of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor in Xenobiotic-Induced Thyroid Hormone Metabolism. Endocrinology 146(3):995\u20131002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2965_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111720","volume":"208","author":"X Dong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dong X, Wu W, Yao S, Li H, Li Z, Zhang L, Jiang J, Xu J, Zhang F (2021) PM2.5 disrupts thyroid hormone homeostasis through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and induction of hepatic transthyretin in female rats 2.5. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 208:111720","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"2965_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8496","volume":"114","author":"GP Klein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klein GP, Hodge EM, Diamond ML, Yip A, Dann T, Stern G, Denison MS, Harper PA (2006) Gas-phase ambient air contaminants exhibit significant dioxin-like and estrogen-like activity in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 114(5):697\u2013703","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10082","key":"2965_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","volume":"389","author":"AJ Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K, Balakrishnan K, Brunekreef B, Dandona L, Dandona R et al (2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. Lancet 389(10082):1907\u20131918","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2965_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S397129","volume":"15","author":"NP Godbole","year":"2023","unstructured":"Godbole NP, Koester M, Marcus EN (2023) Hypothyroidism in Adult Women: The Utility of Targeted vs Universal Thyroid Screening. Int J Womens Health 15:1515\u20131522","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-026-02965-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40618-026-02965-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40618-026-02965-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:33:51Z","timestamp":1790757231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40618-026-02965-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-026-02965-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1720-8386"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1720-8386","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}