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Reduced vitamin D receptor (VDR) density has shown to play an essential role in PG hyperplasia progression; nevertheless, its exact mechanism remains unclear. VDR has shown to suppress the inflammation mediator NF-\u03baB-mediated gene transcription. The aim of this study is to examine whether NF-\u03baB is involved in the pathogenesis of parathyroid hyperplasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>35 PGs was obtained from 10 maintenance hemodialysis patients who underwent parathyroidectomy surgery. 5\/6-nephrectomized rats fed with a high-phosphate diet were divided into four groups: (1) Nx\u2009+\u2009vehicle group, treated with vehicle; (2) Nx\u2009+\u2009PDTC prevention group, treated with NF-\u03baB inhibitor PDTC for 2\u00a0months; (3) Nx\u2009+\u2009PDTC therapy group, treated with PDTC for 1\u00a0month; (4) Nx\u2009+\u2009calcitriol group, treated with activated vitamin D calcitriol for 1\u00a0month. Ten sham-operated rats fed with normal-phosphate diet were used as a control group. Serum calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), intact PTH and PG size in rats were measured. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), VDR, NF-\u03baB of PGs were examined using immunohistochemistry and western blot.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The activation of NF-\u03baB pathway in the nodular hyperplasia gland was significantly increased compared with the diffuse hyperplasia gland found in hemodialysis patients. Markedly higher serum creatinine, BUN, phosphorus levels, serum iPTH levels and larger PGs were found in Nx rats fed with a high-phosphate diet compared to sham-operated rats. Also, PCNA levels and activation of NF-\u03baB pathway in PGs were higher compared with the sham group, meanwhile the VDR levels decreased. Contrary, treating rats with PDTC and calcitriol notably reduced serum iPTH, expression of PCNA and activation of NF-\u03baB pathway, and decreased the enlargement of PGs in those animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NF-\u03baB plays an important role in PG hyperplasia progression. VDR deficiency may be involved in the parathyroid gland hyperplasia through the activation of NF-\u03baB pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-018-0530-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T11:23:57Z","timestamp":1535714637000},"page":"941-951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["NF-\u03baB activation contributes to parathyroid cell proliferation in chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sen","family":"Kan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026012104375983800_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.297","article-title":"The hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure: a disorder of growth","volume":"52","author":"Parfitt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2026012104375983800_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/10.supp3.13","article-title":"Renal osteodystrophy. 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Hospital, Fudan University. All animal studies (including the mice euthanasia procedure) were done in compliance with the regulations and guidelines of Fudan University institutional animal care and conducted according to the AAALAC and the IACUC guidelines.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}