{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:39:43Z","timestamp":1792121983277,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00617-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T19:17:07Z","timestamp":1558552627000},"page":"499-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Management of hyperkalemia in patients with kidney disease: a position paper endorsed by the Italian Society of Nephrology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Aucella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"De Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Genovesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Paoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Regolisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008020159","volume":"20","author":"O Moranne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moranne O, Froissart M, Rossert J et al (2009) Timing of onset of CKD-related metabolic complications. J Am Soc Nephrol 20:164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2008020159","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1313341","volume":"373","author":"ML Gumz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gumz ML, Rabinowitz L, Wingo CS (2015) An integrated view of potassium homeostasis. N Engl J Med 373:60\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1313341","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.09.011","volume":"11","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP, Appel LJ, Grams ME et al (2017) Potassium homeostasis in health and disease: a scientific workshop cosponsored by the national kidney foundation and the american society of\u00a0hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 11:783\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jash.2017.09.011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.09.099","volume":"274","author":"J Fax\u00e9n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fax\u00e9n J, Xu H, Evans M et al (2019) Potassium levels and risk of in-hospital arrhythmias and mortality in patients admitted with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Int J Cardiol 274:52\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.09.099","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.07.015","volume":"60","author":"MWM van de Luijtgaarden","year":"2012","unstructured":"van de Luijtgaarden MWM, Noordzij M, Tomson C et al (2012) Factors influencing the decision to start renal replacement therapy: results of a survey among European nephrologists. Am J Kidney Dis 60:940\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.07.015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01150112","volume":"7","author":"PA Sarafidis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sarafidis PA, Blacklock R, Wood E et al (2012) Prevalence and factors associated with hyperkalemia in predialysis patients followed in a low-clearance clinic. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7:1234\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.01150112","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01730215","volume":"11","author":"J Luo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luo J, Brunelli SM, Jensen DE, Yang A (2016) Association between serum potassium and outcomes in patients with reduced kidney function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11:90\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.01730215","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120499","author":"M Provenzano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Provenzano M, Minutolo R, Chiodini P et al (2018) Competing-risk analysis of death and end stage kidney disease by hyperkalaemia status in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients receiving stable nephrology care. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7120499","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx053","volume":"32","author":"P Rossignol","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rossignol P, Lamiral Z, Frimat L et al (2017) Hyperkalaemia prevalence, recurrence and management in chronic haemodialysis: a prospective multicentre French regional registry 2-year survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32:2112\u20132118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfx053","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy100","volume":"39","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP, Matsushita K, Sang Y et al (2018) Serum potassium and adverse outcomes across the range of kidney function: a CKD Prognosis Consortium meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 39:1535\u20131542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy100","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu383","volume":"30","author":"L De Nicola","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Nicola L, Donfrancesco C, Minutolo R et al (2015) Prevalence and cardiovascular risk profile of chronic kidney disease in Italy: results of the 2008\u20132012 national health examination survey. Nephrol Dial Transplant 30:806\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfu383","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V11122337","volume":"11","author":"L De Nicola","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Nicola L, Bellizzi V, Minutolo R et al (2000) Effect of dialysate sodium concentration on interdialytic increase of potassium. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2337\u20132343","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000491552","volume":"48","author":"E Movilli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Movilli E, Camerini C, Gaggia P et al (2018) Use of renin-angiotensin system blockers increases serum potassium in anuric hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 48:79\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000491552","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.10.024","volume":"70","author":"SM Brunelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brunelli SM, Du Mond C, Oestreicher N et al (2017) Serum potassium and short-term clinical outcomes among hemodialysis patients: impact of the long interdialytic interval. Am J Kidney Dis 70:21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.10.024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx241","volume":"33","author":"SM Brunelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brunelli SM, Spiegel DM, Du Mond C et al (2018) Serum-to-dialysate potassium gradient and its association with short-term outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 33:1207\u20131214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfx241","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.10.001","volume":"3","author":"JG Abuelo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abuelo JG (2017) Treatment of severe hyperkalemia: confronting 4 fallacies. Kidney Int Rep 3:47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.10.001","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"617_CR17","unstructured":"Kidney international supplements|KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease|sciencedirect.com. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/journal\/kidney-international-supplements\/vol\/3\/issue\/1 . Accessed 21 Jan 2018"},{"key":"617_CR18","volume-title":"Chronic kidney disease (partial update): early identification and management of chronic kidney disease in adults in primary and secondary care","author":"National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK)","year":"2014","unstructured":"National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) (2014) Chronic kidney disease (partial update): early identification and management of chronic kidney disease in adults in primary and secondary care. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London"},{"key":"617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-018-0502-6","volume":"31","author":"L De Nicola","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Nicola L, Di Lullo L, Paoletti E et al (2018) Chronic hyperkalemia in non-dialysis CKD: controversial issues in nephrology practice. J Nephrol 31:653\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-018-0502-6","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR20","volume-title":"Guideline: potassium intake for adults and children","author":"WHO","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO (2012) Guideline: potassium intake for adults and children. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1715765","volume":"378","author":"EJ Hoorn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoorn EJ, Vogt L, Rotmans JI (2018) Nutritional management of chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 378:583\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1715765","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030261","author":"A Cupisti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cupisti A, Kovesdy CP, D\u2019Alessandro C, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2018) Dietary approach to recurrent or chronic hyperkalaemia in patients with decreased kidney function. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10030261","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11209","volume":"73","author":"M Gritter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gritter M, Rotmans JI, Hoorn EJ (2019) Role of dietary K\u2009+\u2009in natriuresis, blood pressure reduction, cardiovascular protection, and renoprotection. Hypertension 73:15\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11209","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"617_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1977.66","volume":"11","author":"C van Ypersele de Strihou","year":"1977","unstructured":"van Ypersele de Strihou C (1977) Potassium homeostasis in renal failure. Kidney Int 11:491\u2013504","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-018-0497-z","volume":"31","author":"A Cupisti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cupisti A, Brunori G, Di Iorio BR et al (2018) Nutritional treatment of advanced CKD: twenty consensus statements. J Nephrol 31:457\u2013473","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V981535","volume":"9","author":"ID Weiner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weiner ID, Wingo CS (1998) Hyperkalemia: a potential silent killer. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1535\u20131543","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2014.917560","volume":"36","author":"X Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu X, Zhang W, Ren H et al (2014) Diuretics associated acute kidney injury: clinical and pathological analysis. Ren Fail 36:1051\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0886022X.2014.917560","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"617_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00064.x","volume":"64","author":"R Saran","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saran R, Bragg-Gresham JL, Rayner HC et al (2003) Nonadherence in hemodialysis: associations with mortality, hospitalization, and practice patterns in the DOPPS. Kidney Int 64:254\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00064.x","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"617_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00960112","volume":"7","author":"K Torl\u00e9n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Torl\u00e9n K, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Molnar MZ et al (2012) Serum potassium and cause-specific mortality in a large peritoneal dialysis cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7:1272\u20131284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.00960112","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.356","volume":"50","author":"B Redaelli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Redaelli B, Locatelli F, Limido D et al (1996) Effect of a new model of hemodialysis potassium removal on the control of ventricular arrhythmias. Kidney Int 50:609\u2013617","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"617_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90008-Q","volume":"339","author":"S Sforzini","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sforzini S, Latini R, Mingardi G et al (1992) Ventricular arrhythmias and 4-year mortality in haemodialysis patients. Gruppo Emodialisi e Patologie Cardiovascolari. Lancet 339:212\u2013213","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.09.015","volume":"69","author":"A Karaboyas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karaboyas A, Zee J, Brunelli SM et al (2017) Dialysate potassium, serum potassium, mortality, and arrhythmia events in hemodialysis: results from the dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 69:266\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.09.015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"617_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04451206","volume":"2","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP, Regidor DL, Mehrotra R et al (2007) Serum and dialysate potassium concentrations and survival in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:999\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.04451206","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.09.021","volume":"31","author":"C-H Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin C-H, Tu Y-F, Chiang W-C et al (2013) Electrolyte abnormalities and laboratory findings in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who have kidney disease. Am J Emerg Med 31:487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.09.021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"617_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.315","volume":"79","author":"PH Pun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pun PH, Lehrich RW, Honeycutt EF et al (2011) Modifiable risk factors associated with sudden cardiac arrest within hemodialysis clinics. Kidney Int 79:218\u2013227","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"617_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.03.022","volume":"56","author":"N Noori","year":"2010","unstructured":"Noori N, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP et al (2010) Dietary potassium intake and mortality in long-term hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 56:338\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.03.022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"617_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2015.11.018","volume":"89","author":"RH Sterns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterns RH, Grieff M, Bernstein PL (2016) Treatment of hyperkalemia: something old, something new. Kidney Int 89:546\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2015.11.018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"617_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.287","volume":"9","author":"R Mehrotra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehrotra R, Himmelfarb J (2013) Dialysis in 2012: could longer and more frequent haemodialysis improve outcomes? Nat Rev Nephrol 9:74\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2012.287","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S829","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971069","volume":"122","author":"TL Vanden Hoek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M et al (2010) Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 122:S829\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971069","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"617_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.9.1639","volume":"17","author":"S Aslam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aslam S, Friedman EA, Ifudu O (2002) Electrocardiography is unreliable in detecting potentially lethal hyperkalaemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1639\u20131642","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"617_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-018-0244-x","volume":"18","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakamura T, Fujisaki T, Miyazono M et al (2018) Risks and benefits of sodium polystyrene sulfonate for hyperkalemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Drugs R D 18:231\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40268-018-0244-x","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"617_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(86)80185-8","volume":"7","author":"HM Szerlip","year":"1986","unstructured":"Szerlip HM, Weiss J, Singer I (1986) Profound hyperkalemia without electrocardiographic manifestations. Am J Kidney Dis 7:461\u2013465","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"617_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154963","volume":"11","author":"Z Harel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harel Z, Kamel KS (2016) Optimal dose and method of administration of intravenous insulin in the management of emergency hyperkalemia: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 11:e0154963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154963","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"617_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000479802","volume":"46","author":"AJ Collins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Collins AJ, Pitt B, Reaven N et al (2017) Association of serum potassium with all-cause mortality in patients with and without heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and\/or diabetes. Am J Nephrol 46:213\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000479802","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1159\/000442393","volume":"42","author":"C Loutradis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loutradis C, Tolika P, Skodra A et al (2015) Prevalence of hyperkalemia in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease: a nested case-control study. Am J Nephrol 42:351\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000442393","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07363","volume":"67","author":"AR Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang AR, Sang Y, Leddy J et al (2016) Antihypertensive medications and the prevalence of hyperkalemia in a large health system. Hypertension 67:1181\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07363","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"617_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070688","volume":"26","author":"HJL Heerspink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heerspink HJL, Kr\u00f6pelin TF, Hoekman J et al (2015) Drug-induced reduction in albuminuria is associated with subsequent renoprotection: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 26:2055\u20132064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2014070688","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","volume":"345","author":"EJ Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al (2001) Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851\u2013860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","volume":"345","author":"BM Brenner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al (2001) Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208799","volume":"367","author":"H-H Parving","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parving H-H, Brenner BM, McMurray JJV et al (2012) Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 367:2204\u20132213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1208799","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303154","volume":"369","author":"LF Fried","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH et al (2013) Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 369:1892\u20131903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1303154","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.11.007","volume":"25","author":"TA Mavrakanas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mavrakanas TA, Gariani K, Martin P-Y (2014) Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in addition to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment: an emerging paradigm in diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review. Eur J Intern Med 25:173\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.11.007","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"617_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006257","author":"GFM Strippoli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strippoli GFM, Bonifati C, Craig M et al (2006) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006257","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"617_CR54","first-page":"S212","volume":"21","author":"M Epstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Epstein M, Reaven NL, Funk SE et al (2015) Evaluation of the treatment gap between clinical guidelines and the utilization of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. Am J Manag Care 21:S212\u2013220","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"617_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7446","volume":"314","author":"GL Bakris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakris GL, Pitt B, Weir MR et al (2015) Effect of patiromer on serum potassium level in patients with hyperkalemia and diabetic kidney disease: the AMETHYST-DN randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314:151\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.7446","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"617_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411487","volume":"372","author":"DK Packham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Packham DK, Rasmussen HS, Lavin PT et al (2015) Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. N Engl J Med 372:222\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1411487","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq502","volume":"32","author":"B Pitt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pitt B, Anker SD, Bushinsky DA et al (2011) Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial. Eur Heart J 32:820\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq502","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"617_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10081","volume":"314","author":"GL Bakris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Chan JC et al (2015) Effect of finerenone on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314:884\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.10081","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"617_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.30","volume":"16","author":"VM van Deursen","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Deursen VM, Urso R, Laroche C et al (2014) Co-morbidities in patients with heart failure: an analysis of the European Heart Failure Pilot Survey. Eur J Heart Fail 16:103\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.30","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"617_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"(2018) 2017 USRDS annual data report: executive summary. Am J Kidney Dis 71:S1\u2013S8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.01.003","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.01.003"},{"key":"617_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","volume":"37","author":"P Ponikowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD et al (2016) ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37:2129\u20132200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"617_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509","volume":"136","author":"CW Yancy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B et al (2017) ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation 136:e137\u2013e161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"617_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft134","volume":"15","author":"AP Maggioni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maggioni AP, Anker SD, Dahlstr\u00f6m U et al (2013) Are hospitalized or ambulatory patients with heart failure treated in accordance with European Society of Cardiology guidelines? Evidence from 12,440 patients of the ESC Heart failure long-term registry. Eur J Heart Fail 15:1173\u20131184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft134","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"617_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx460","volume":"38","author":"M Aldahl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aldahl M, Jensen A-SC, Davidsen L et al (2017) Associations of serum potassium levels with mortality in chronic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 38:2890\u20132896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx460","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"617_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","volume":"341","author":"B Pitt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ et al (1999) The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized aldactone evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 341:709\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040135","volume":"351","author":"DN Juurlink","year":"2004","unstructured":"Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS et al (2004) Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. N Engl J Med 351:543\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa040135","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.07.048","volume":"60","author":"O Vardeny","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vardeny O, Wu DH, Desai A et al (2012) Influence of baseline and worsening renal function on efficacy of spironolactone in patients with severe heart failure: insights from RALES (randomized aldactone evaluation study). J Am Coll Cardiol 60:2082\u20132089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.07.048","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"617_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030207","volume":"348","author":"B Pitt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F et al (2003) Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 348:1309\u20131321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa030207","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.04.086","volume":"62","author":"R Eschalier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eschalier R, McMurray JJV, Swedberg K et al (2013) Safety and efficacy of eplerenone in patients at high risk for hyperkalemia and\/or worsening renal function: analyses of the EMPHASIS-HF study subgroups (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 62:1585\u20131593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.04.086","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"617_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006540","author":"LB Cooper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cooper LB, Lippmann SJ, Greiner MA et al (2017) Use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure and comorbid diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease. J Am Heart Assoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.117.006540","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"617_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.10.017","volume":"7","author":"IE Beldhuis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beldhuis IE, Myhre PL, Claggett B et al (2019) Efficacy and safety of spironolactone in patients With HFpEF and chronic kidney\u00a0disease. JACC Heart Fail 7:25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.10.017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"617_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","volume":"371","author":"JJV McMurray","year":"2014","unstructured":"McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS et al (2014) Angiotensin\u2013neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 371:993\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30071-8","volume":"6","author":"B Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant SV et al (2018) Endocrine and haemodynamic changes in resistant hypertension, and blood pressure responses to spironolactone or amiloride: the PATHWAY-2 mechanisms substudies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6:464\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30071-8","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"617_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.158","volume":"233","author":"D Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao D, Liu H, Dong P, Zhao J (2017) A meta-analysis of add-on use of spironolactone in patients with resistant hypertension. Int J Cardiol 233:113\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.158","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"617_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.06.017","volume":"88","author":"JJ Sim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J et al (2013) Characteristics of resistant hypertension in a large, ethnically diverse hypertension population of an integrated health system. Mayo Clin Proc 88:1099\u20131107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.06.017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"617_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12410","volume":"16","author":"T Acharya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Acharya T, Tringali S, Singh M, Huang J (2014) Resistant hypertension and associated comorbidities in a veterans affairs population. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 16:741\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.12410","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"617_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.061","volume":"61","author":"L De Nicola","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Nicola L, Gabbai FB, Agarwal R et al (2013) Prevalence and prognostic role of resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:2461\u20132467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.061","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"617_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.169961","volume":"57","author":"J V\u00e1clav\u00edk","year":"2011","unstructured":"V\u00e1clav\u00edk J, Sedl\u00e1k R, Plachy M et al (2011) Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hypertension 57:1069\u20131075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.169961","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"617_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2011.60","volume":"26","author":"R Pisoni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pisoni R, Acelajado MC, Cartmill FR et al (2012) Long-term effects of aldosterone blockade in resistant hypertension associated with chronic kidney disease. J Hum Hypertens 26:502\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jhh.2011.60","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"617_CR80","first-page":"75","volume":"22","author":"R Abolghasmi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abolghasmi R, Taziki O (2011) Efficacy of low dose spironolactone in chronic kidney disease with resistant hypertension. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 22:75\u201378","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"key":"617_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000492622","volume":"48","author":"R Agarwal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agarwal R, Rossignol P, Garza D et al (2018) Patiromer to enable spironolactone use in the treatment of patients with resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease: rationale and design of the AMBER study. Am J Nephrol 48:172\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000492622","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","volume":"39","author":"B Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W et al (2018) ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 39:3021\u20133104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"617_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000084","volume":"72","author":"RM Carey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL et al (2018) Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Hypertension 72:e53\u2013e90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000084","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"617_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2016.02.007","volume":"23","author":"S Faubel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Faubel S, Shah PB (2016) Immediate consequences of acute kidney injury: the impact of traditional and nontraditional complications on mortality in acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 23:179\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2016.02.007","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"617_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.053","volume":"91","author":"SM Bagshaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bagshaw SM, Wald R (2017) Strategies for the optimal timing to start renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 91:1022\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.053","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"617_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04750514","volume":"10","author":"AB Lib\u00f3rio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lib\u00f3rio AB, Leite TT, de Neves FM et al (2015) AKI complications in critically ill patients: association with mortality rates and RRT. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10:21\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.04750514","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"617_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R225","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11872","volume":"16","author":"JN An","year":"2012","unstructured":"An JN, Lee JP, Jeon HJ et al (2012) Severe hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization: predictors of mortality. Crit Care 16:R225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc11872","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"617_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-139X.2001.00087.x","volume":"14","author":"J Ahmed","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahmed J, Weisberg LS (2001) Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14:348\u2013356","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"617_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.47.2.408","volume":"47","author":"C Fisch","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fisch C (1973) Relation of electrolyte disturbances to cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation 47:408\u2013419","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"617_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.003","volume":"6","author":"VM Campese","year":"2011","unstructured":"Campese VM, Adenuga G (2011) Electrophysiological and clinical consequences of\u00a0hyperkalemia. Kidney Int Suppl 6:16\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.003","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"617_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00058.x","volume":"15","author":"K Freeman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Freeman K, Feldman JA, Mitchell P et al (2008) Effects of presentation and electrocardiogram on time to treatment of hyperkalemia. Acad Emerg Med 15:239\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00058.x","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"617_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.04.004","volume":"55","author":"B Long","year":"2018","unstructured":"Long B, Warix JR, Koyfman A (2018) Controversies in management of hyperkalemia. J Emerg Med 55:192\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.04.004","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"617_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7376.1346","volume":"325","author":"PK Moulik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moulik PK, Nethaji C, Khaleeli AA (2002) Misleading electrocardiographic results in patient with hyperkalaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. BMJ 325:1346\u20131347","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"617_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm970566","volume":"351","author":"K Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang K (2004) Images in clinical medicine. \u201cPseudoinfarction\u201d pattern due to hyperkalemia. N Engl J Med 351:593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMicm970566","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.02.322","volume":"66","author":"AM Hung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hung AM, Hakim RM (2015) Dialysate and serum potassium in hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 66:125\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.02.322","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"617_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.315","volume":"79","author":"PH Pun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pun PH, Lehrich RW, Honeycutt EF et al (2011) Modifiable risk factors associated with sudden cardiac arrest within hemodialysis clinics. Kidney Int 79:218\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2010.315","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"617_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.05.016","volume":"90","author":"T Robert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robert T, Joseph A, Mesnard L (2016) Calcium salt during hyperkalemia. Kidney Int 90:451\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2016.05.016","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"617_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfu049","volume":"7","author":"T Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li T, Vijayan A (2014) Insulin for the treatment of hyperkalemia: a double-edged sword? Clin Kidney J 7:239\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfu049","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"617_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.10.009","volume":"3","author":"BA McNicholas","year":"2018","unstructured":"McNicholas BA, Pham MH, Carli K et al (2018) Treatment of hyperkalemia with a low-dose insulin protocol is effective and\u00a0results in reduced\u00a0hypoglycemia. Kidney Int Rep 3:328\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.10.009","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"617_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2545","volume":"11","author":"DT Wheeler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wheeler DT, Schafers SJ, Horwedel TA et al (2016) Weight-based insulin dosing for acute hyperkalemia results in less hypoglycemia. J Hosp Med 11:355\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jhm.2545","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"617_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.09.039","volume":"113","author":"P Rossignol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rossignol P, Legrand M, Kosiborod M et al (2016) Emergency management of severe hyperkalemia: guideline for best practice and opportunities for the future. Pharmacol Res 113:585\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.09.039","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"617_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1906","volume":"37","author":"CJ Meaney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meaney CJ, Beccari MV, Yang Y, Zhao J (2017) Systematic review and meta-analysis of patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate: a new armamentarium for the treatment of hyperkalemia. Pharmacotherapy 37:401\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phar.1906","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"617_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1500353","volume":"372","author":"M Kosiborod","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kosiborod M, Peacock WF, Packham DK (2015) Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for urgent therapy of severe hyperkalemia. N Engl J Med 372:1577\u20131578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1500353","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"617_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.11.003","volume":"3","author":"KA Betts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Betts KA, Woolley JM, Mu F et al (2017) The cost of hyperkalemia in\u00a0the\u00a0United\u00a0States. Kidney Int Rep 3:385\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.11.003","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"617_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.005","volume":"6","author":"MR Weir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weir MR (2011) Current and future treatment options for managing hyperkalemia. Kidney Int Suppl 6:29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.005","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-019-00617-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40620-019-00617-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-019-00617-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:56:20Z","timestamp":1777564580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article\/32\/4\/499\/8328219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-019-00617-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1121-8428","1724-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1121-8428","type":"print"},{"value":"1724-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"SB has no conflict of interest to declare. FA has received lecture fees from Amgen and Aferetica. LDN has received fees as scientific consultant\/lecturer from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Vifor Fresenius. SG has received consultant fees from Astra Zeneca, Vifor Fresenius, Pfizer and Boston-Scientific. EP has received consultant fees from AbbVie, Bayer, Vifor Fresenius and Novartis. GR has received consultant fees from Astra Zeneca and Otsuka.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"For this type of study formal consent is not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was not required since no patients participated the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}