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Since then, a broader definition comprising not only loss of muscle mass, but also loss of muscle strength and low physical performance due to ageing or other conditions, was developed and published in consensus papers from geriatric societies. Sarcopenia was proposed to be diagnosed based on operational criteria using two components of muscle abnormalities, low muscle mass and low muscle function. This brought awareness of an important nutritional derangement with adverse outcomes for the overall health. In parallel, many studies in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have shown that sarcopenia is a prevalent condition, mainly among patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) on hemodialysis (HD). In CKD, sarcopenia is not necessarily age-related as it occurs as a result of the accelerated protein catabolism from the disease and from the dialysis procedure per se combined with low energy and protein intakes. Observational studies showed that sarcopenia and especially low muscle strength is associated with worse clinical outcomes, including worse quality of life (QoL) and higher hospitalization and mortality rates. This review aims to discuss the differences in conceptual definition of sarcopenia in the elderly and in CKD, as well as to describe etiology of sarcopenia, prevalence, outcome, and interventions that attempted to reverse the loss of muscle mass, strength and mobility in CKD and ESKD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00840-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T07:02:40Z","timestamp":1599030160000},"page":"1347-1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":438,"title":["Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: what have we learned so far?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5927-9179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Cuppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Stenvinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bengt","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Maria","family":"Avesani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"840_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.004","volume":"38","author":"A Sabatino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabatino A, Regolisti G, Delsante M, Di Motta T, Cantarelli C, Pioli S, Grassi G, Batini V, Gregorini M, Fiaccadori E (2019) Noninvasive evaluation of muscle mass by ultrasonography of quadriceps femoris muscle in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. 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Peter Stenvinkel received honoraria for serving at scientific advisory boards at Baxter, Astra Zeneca, REATA, Astellas and FMC. Alice Sabatino received honoraria from Fresenius Kabi for speaking at symposia \u201cInternational keto-analoghe symposium a Roma\u201d in November 2019. Carla Maria Avesani and Lilian Cuppari have any conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All work that included in this review involving human was conducted according to the principles expressed in the declaration of Helsinki and all subjects gave written informed consent upon recruitment.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All work included in this review involving human had consent from the participants to be enrolled in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}