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Circulating immune cells, activated by both uremic milieu and dialysis, play a key role in the pathogenesis of dialysis-related vascular disease. The aim of our study was to identify, through a high-throughput approach, differences in gene expression profiles in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients treated with on-line hemodiafiltration and bicarbonate hemodialysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The transcriptomic profile was investigated in PBMCs isolated from eight patients on on-line hemodiafiltration\u00a0and eight patients on\u00a0bicarbonate hemodialysis by microarray analysis. The results were evaluated by statistical and functional pathway analysis and validated by real time PCR (qPCR)\u00a0in an independent cohort of patients (on-line hemodiafiltration\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920, bicarbonate hemodialysis\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight hundred and forty-seven genes were differentially expressed in\u00a0patients treated with \u00a0on-line hemodiafiltration and\u00a0bicarbonate hemodialysis. Thirty-seven functional gene networks were identified and atherosclerosis signaling was the top canonical pathway regulated by\u00a0on-line hemodiafiltration. Among the genes of this pathway,\u00a0on-line hemodiafiltration was associated with a reduced expression of Platelet-derived growth factor A chain (PDGF A), Clusterin, Monoamine Oxidase A, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Vascular Endothelial Growth\nFactor C (VEGF-)C  and with an increase of Apolipoprotein E. qPCR confirmed the microarray results. Platelet derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), IL-6 and VEGF-C serum levels were significantly lower in the on-line hemodiafiltration\u00a0group. Finally, 10\u00a0patients previously on bicarbonate hemodialysis\u00a0 were switched to on-line hemodiafiltration\u00a0and PBMCs were harvested after 6\u00a0months. The qPCR results from this perspective group confirmed the modulation of atherosclerotic genes observed in the cross-sectional analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggest that type of dialysis (on-line hemodiafiltration versus\u00a0bicarbonate hemodialysis)\u00a0may modulate the expression of several genes involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00958-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T07:03:56Z","timestamp":1616569436000},"page":"1989-1997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["On-line hemodiafiltration modulates atherosclerosis signaling in peripheral lymphomonocytes of hemodialysis patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Simone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Chieti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Pontrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Rascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Stallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Infante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Gesualdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Grandaliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pertosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"958_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1488","volume":"302","author":"DJ de Jager","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Jager DJ, Grootendorst DC, Jager KJ et al (2009) Cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality among patients starting dialysis. 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The results presented in the paper have not been published previously in whole or part, except in abstract form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the local Ethics Committee and was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Participants received an explanatory statement and gave their written informed consent to participate in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}