{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:59:55Z","timestamp":1793638795940,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1558,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008967","name":"Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008967","name":"Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients has been acknowledged over the last years and has been reported in up to 80% of patients. Older age, high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as stroke and transient ischemic attack, uremia, and multiple metabolic disturbances represent the most common factors for cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective cohort study on 408 patients from 10 hemodialysis centers in the regional government district of Middle Hesse (Germany). Patients underwent a neuropsychological test battery consisting of five tests, in addition to a phonemic fluency test, to assess cognitive profile. The patients were classified as no cognitive impairment or mildly-, moderately- or severely-impaired cognitive function, depending on the degree of impairment and number of domains where the deficit was determined. We analyzed the cognitive profile and the change in performance over time in hemodialysis patients based on their cognitive status at baseline vs. 1-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 479 eligible patients, 408 completed all tests at baseline. Only 25% (n\u2009=\u2009102) of the patients had no cognitive impairment. Fourteen per cent (n\u2009=\u200957), 36.5% (n\u2009=\u2009149), and 24.5% (n\u2009=\u2009100) of patients showed mild, moderate, and severe impairment, respectively. In patients with cognitive impairment, all cognitive domains were affected, and impairment was significantly associated with depression and education. The most impaired cognitive performance was immediate memory recall, and the best performance was found in naming ability. No significant \u00a0change was observed after 1-year follow up in any domain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study shows that the prevalence of cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is high and that it is affected by the presence of depression. Furthermore, education has an effect on cognitive test results. As depression has a significant influence on cognitive impairment, its\u00a0early identification is essential in order to initiate treatment at an early stage, hoping to positively influence cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-021-01170-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T15:06:34Z","timestamp":1634396794000},"page":"931-942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Assessment of cognitive impairment and related risk factors in hemodialysis patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Hristos","family":"Karakizlis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany 1"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of 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has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent\/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the contents of the submitted article. The results presented in this article have not been published previously in whole or part, except in abstract format.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"No new code was produced in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Marburg and conforms to the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to study enrollment.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}