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The pathogenesis rests on an aberrant T cell response to unidentified antigens in individuals predisposed by genetic and environmental factors. Increased expression of polarized macrophages and disequilibrium between effector and regulator T cells contribute to the formation of noncaseating granulomas, that are frequently found in affected organs. The main kidney abnormalities in sarcoidosis are granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN) and hypercalcemia-related disorders. The clinical diagnosis is difficult. The outcome is variable, ranging from spontaneous remission to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with corticosteroids can improve the prognosis. Hypercalcemia may be responsible for acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. Complications of persistent hypercalcemia include nephrocalcinosis and renal stones. In patients with ESKD, dialysis and transplantation can offer results comparable to those observed in patients with other causes of kidney failure. Based on a review of the literature, we present an overview of the etiopathogenesis, the renal manifestations of sarcoidosis and their complications, management and prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01369-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T15:02:21Z","timestamp":1656342141000},"page":"5-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Renal sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Calatroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy 1"},{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Division, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Moroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy 1"},{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Division, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Reggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy 1"},{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Division, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Ponticelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, via Ampere 126, 20131, Milan, Italy 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026012307480751100_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.36141\/svdld.v37i2.9142","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and increased risk of comorbidities and mortality in Sweden","volume":"37","author":"Larsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"2026012307480751100_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.537382","article-title":"Sarcoidosis epidemiology: race matters","volume":"11","author":"Hena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026012307480751100_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106548","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: a nationwide registry-based study of incidence, prevalence and diagnostic work-up","volume":"187","author":"Sikj\u00e6r","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012307480751100_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000715","article-title":"Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors","volume":"26","author":"Arkema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012307480751100_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0871-3","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis in Korea: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"19","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012307480751100_CR6","first-page":"61","article-title":"The frequency of sarcoidosis in Finland and Hokkaido, Japan. 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