{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:36:57Z","timestamp":1790800617745,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2314-B-075 -028 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-075 -028 -MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echocardiography is commonly used to assess hydratation status and cardiac function in kidney failure patients, but the impact of structural or functional abnormalities on the prognosis of kidney failure patients was yet to be investigated. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of echocardiographic abnormalities in kidney failure patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 857 kidney failure patients who underwent echocardiography at dialysis initiation. Patients were followed up for a median of 4.2\u00a0years for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 857 patients studied, 77% exhibited at least one echocardiographic abnormality. The most common abnormalities were left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement, but they were not significantly correlated with poor outcomes. Instead, the primary predictors of both major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality in kidney failure patients were left ventricular systolic function, right ventricular systolic function, left ventricular volume index, and valvular abnormalities. Although diastolic dysfunction was linked to major adverse cardiovascular events, it was not associated with mortality. Furthermore, the study revealed that increased left ventricular volume index and left ventricular systolic dysfunction had a more significant impact on peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients than on\u00a0hemodialysis (HD) patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides insights into the echocardiographic abnormalities and their association with adverse outcomes in kidney failure patients, which can help clinicians optimize the management of patients and closely monitor possible high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-01963-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T23:54:53Z","timestamp":1717458893000},"page":"1261-1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Beyond prevalence: significance and differential impact of echocardiographic abnormalities in dialysis patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Chih-Hsueh","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-An","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Tai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Chung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ching","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1963_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2015.2","volume":"2015","author":"AJ Collins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Collins AJ, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Chen SC (2011) United States Renal Data System public health surveillance of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2015(5):2\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/kisup.2015.2","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"1963_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.051","volume":"52","author":"C Ronco","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, Anavekar N, Bellomo R (2008) Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:1527\u20131539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.051","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1963_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2008.00455.x","volume":"21","author":"CA Herzog","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herzog CA, Mangrum JM, Passman R (2008) Sudden cardiac death and dialysis patients. Semin Dial 21:300\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2008.00455.x","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"1963_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197403282901301","volume":"290","author":"A Lindner","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lindner A, Charra B, Sherrard DJ, Scribner BH (1974) Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 290:697\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM197403282901301","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1963_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/15.2.218","volume":"15","author":"U Schwarz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schwarz U, Buzello M, Ritz E, Stein G, Raabe G, Wiest G et al (2000) Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:218\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/15.2.218","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"1963_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2005.10.005","volume":"18","author":"RM Lang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA et al (2005) Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography\u2019s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:1440\u20131463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2005.10.005","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"1963_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.11.029","volume":"22","author":"H Baumgartner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP et al (2009) Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE\/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2008.11.029. (quiz 101\u2013102)","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"1963_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jer176","volume":"13","author":"A Barbieri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barbieri A, Bursi F, Mantovani F, Valenti C, Quaglia M, Berti E et al (2012) Left ventricular hypertrophy reclassification and death: application of the recommendation of the American Society of Echocardiography\/European Association of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 13:109\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejechocard\/jer176","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1963_CR9","first-page":"S1","volume":"45","author":"KD Workgroup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Workgroup KD (2005) K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45:S1-153","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1963_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061638","volume":"5","author":"G Kan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kan G, Visser CA, Lie KI, Durrer D (1984) Early two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 5:210\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061638","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1963_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.052","volume":"67","author":"LJ Hickson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hickson LJ, Negrotto SM, Onuigbo M, Scott CG, Rule AD, Norby SM et al (2016) Echocardiography criteria for structural heart disease in patients with end-stage renal disease initiating hemodialysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 67:1173\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.052","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1\u201339","key":"1963_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","volume":"28","author":"RM Lang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L et al (2015) Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28(1\u201339):e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"1963_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2018.06.004","volume":"32","author":"C Mitchell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, Canaday B, Finstuen JA, Foster MC et al (2019) Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 32:1\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2018.06.004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"1963_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.05.010","volume":"23","author":"LG Rudski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K et al (2010) Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23:685\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2010.05.010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"1963_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2016.01.011","volume":"29","author":"SF Nagueh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T et al (2016) Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 29:277\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2016.01.011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1963_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.12.015","volume":"121","author":"BS Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu BS, Wei CH, Yang CY, Lin MH, Hsu CC, Hsu YJ et al (2022) Mortality rate of end-stage kidney disease patients in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 121(Suppl 1):S12\u2013S19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.12.015","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"1963_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.08.031","volume":"5","author":"B Canaud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Canaud B, Kooman JP, Selby NM, Taal MW, Francis S, Maierhofer A et al (2020) Dialysis-induced cardiovascular and multiorgan morbidity. Kidney Int Rep 5:1856\u20131869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.08.031","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"1963_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07130810","volume":"6","author":"AY Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang AY, Wang M, Lam CW, Chan IH, Lui SF, Sanderson JE (2011) Heart failure in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients: a 4-year prospective analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:805\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.07130810","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1963_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e578","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000560","volume":"137","author":"MA Konstam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konstam MA, Kiernan MS, Bernstein D, Bozkurt B, Jacob M, Kapur NK et al (2018) Evaluation and management of right-sided heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 137:e578\u2013e622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000560","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1963_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00092","volume":"11","author":"FG Pitoulis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pitoulis FG, Terracciano CM (2020) Heart plasticity in response to pressure- and volume-overload: a review of findings in compensated and decompensated phenotypes. Front Physiol 11:92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.00092","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1963_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07761109","volume":"5","author":"RN Foley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Foley RN, Curtis BM, Randell EW, Parfrey PS (2010) Left ventricular hypertrophy in new hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:805\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.07761109","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1963_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.36881","volume":"40","author":"AG Stack","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stack AG, Saran R (2002) Clinical correlates and mortality impact of left ventricular hypertrophy among new ESRD patients in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 40:1202\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/ajkd.2002.36881","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1963_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026407","volume":"11","author":"CY Niu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Niu CY, Yang SF, Ou SM, Wu CH, Huang PH, Hung CL et al (2022) Sacubitril\/valsartan in patients with heart failure and concomitant end-stage kidney disease. J Am Heart Assoc 11:e026407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.122.026407","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1963_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.07.044","volume":"46","author":"S Genovesi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Genovesi S, Pogliani D, Faini A, Valsecchi MG, Riva A, Stefani F et al (2005) Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and associated factors in a population of long-term hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 46:897\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.07.044","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1963_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010050459","volume":"22","author":"WC Winkelmayer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winkelmayer WC, Patrick AR, Liu J, Brookhart MA, Setoguchi S (2011) The increasing prevalence of atrial fibrillation among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:349\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2010050459","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1963_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002449","volume":"128","author":"TA Dewland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dewland TA, Olgin JE, Vittinghoff E, Marcus GM (2013) Incident atrial fibrillation among Asians, Hispanics, blacks, and whites. Circulation 128:2470\u20132477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002449","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1963_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.10.006","volume":"37","author":"YL Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim YL, Biesen WV (2017) Fluid overload in peritoneal dialysis patients. Semin Nephrol 37:43\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.10.006","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"1963_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000337338","volume":"2","author":"E Papakrivopoulou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Papakrivopoulou E, Booth J, Pinney J, Davenport A (2012) Comparison of volume status in asymptomatic haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis outpatients. Nephron Extra 2:48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000337338","journal-title":"Nephron Extra"},{"key":"1963_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202203","volume":"13","author":"JK Ng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ng JK, Kwan BC, Chow KM, Pang WF, Cheng PM, Leung CB et al (2018) Asymptomatic fluid overload predicts survival and cardiovascular event in incident Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients. PLoS ONE 13:e0202203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0202203","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1963_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.05.025","volume":"68","author":"PA McCullough","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCullough PA, Chan CT, Weinhandl ED, Burkart JM, Bakris GL (2016) Intensive hemodialysis, left ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Kidney Dis 68:S5\u2013S14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.05.025","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1963_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12721","volume":"31","author":"Y Ohashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ohashi Y, Sakai K, Hase H, Joki N (2018) Dry weight targeting: the art and science of conventional hemodialysis. Semin Dial 31:551\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sdi.12721","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"1963_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfu140","volume":"8","author":"A Nongnuch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nongnuch A, Assanatham M, Panorchan K, Davenport A (2015) Strategies for preserving residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients. Clin Kidney J 8:202\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfu140","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"1963_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06480619","volume":"15","author":"N Tian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian N, Yang X, Guo Q, Zhou Q, Yi C, Lin J et al (2020) Bioimpedance guided fluid management in peritoneal dialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 15:685\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.06480619","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1963_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11100768","author":"SY Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li SY, Chuang CL, Lin CC, Tsai SH, Chen JY (2021) Peritoneal-membrane characteristics and hypervolemia management in peritoneal dialysis: a randomized control trial. Membranes (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes11100768","journal-title":"Membranes (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-024-01963-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40620-024-01963-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-024-01963-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:53:46Z","timestamp":1777564426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article\/37\/5\/1261\/8306716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-024-01963-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1724-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1724-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors declare no competing interests. Relationship with industry: There is no relationships with industry.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This work received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Taipei Veterans General Hospital. After review by the Human Research Protection Center, the implementation of the protocol is approved. (TPEVGH IRB No.: 2021-12-007C).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Patient consent was waived due to it being a retrospective study across 10\u00a0years and de-identification before data analysis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent to participate"}}]}}