{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:17:14Z","timestamp":1788308234057,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007052","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The tubular function of the kidney is very complex and is finely regulated by many factors. These include a variety of hormonal signaling pathways which are involved in the expression, activation and regulation of renal transporters responsible for the handling of electrolytes. Glucose-lowering drugs such as insulin and incretin-based therapies, exert a well-known renal protective role in diabetic kidney disease, mainly acting at the glomerular level. In the literature, several studies have described the effect of insulin and the incretin hormones on tubular transport. Most of these studies focused on the variations in excretion and clearance of sodium but did not extensively and systematically investigate the possible variations that these hormones may induce in the tubular regulation of all the other electrolytes, urea metabolism, acid\u2013base balance and urinary pH. While insulin action on the kidney is very well-described, the renal tubular impact of incretin-based therapies is less consistent and the results available are scarce. To our knowledge, this is the first review summarizing the effects induced on renal tubules by insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors in both healthy and diabetic human subjects. This is significant because it highlights the existence of a renal-gut and pancreas axis which also has a direct tubular effect and enables a deeper understanding of renal physiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-02048-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:56:11Z","timestamp":1724327771000},"page":"2139-2150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The influence of insulin and incretin-based therapies on renal tubular transport"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Erica","family":"Rosati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Di Giuseppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Mezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro Manuel","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2048_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-008-0581-7","volume":"458","author":"V Vallon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vallon V (2009) Micropuncturing the nephron. Pflugers Arch 458(1):189\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-008-0581-7","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2048_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00519","volume":"8","author":"AF Pina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pina AF et al (2020) Insulin: Trigger and Target of Renal Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 8:519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2020.00519","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2048_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F974","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00149.2007","volume":"293","author":"S Tiwari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tiwari S, Riazi S, Ecelbarger CA (2007) Insulin\u2019s impact on renal sodium transport and blood pressure in health, obesity, and diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293(4):F974-984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00149.2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2048_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107996","volume":"55","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"1975","unstructured":"DeFronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R, Faloona GR, Davis PJ (1975) The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest 55(4):845\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI107996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2048_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.21.03405-9","volume":"46","author":"G di Giuseppe","year":"2021","unstructured":"di Giuseppe G et al (2021) Prediabetes: how pathophysiology drives potential intervention on a subclinical disease with feared clinical consequences. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 46(3):272\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S2724-6507.21.03405-9","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol (Torino)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2048_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0856","volume":"68","author":"T Mezza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mezza T, Cinti F, Cefalo CMA, Pontecorvi A, Kulkarni RN, Giaccari A (2019) \u03b2-cell fate in human insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: a perspective on islet plasticity. Diabetes 68(6):1121\u20131129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db18-0856","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2048_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1013","volume":"63","author":"T Mezza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mezza T et al (2014) Insulin resistance alters islet morphology in nondiabetic humans. Diabetes 63(3):994\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-1013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"2048_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0279","volume":"67","author":"T Mezza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mezza T et al (2018) Increased \u03b2-cell workload modulates proinsulin-to-insulin ratio in humans. Diabetes 67(11):2389\u20132396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db18-0279","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2048_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05814-2","volume":"66","author":"N Brusco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brusco N et al (2023) Intra-islet insulin synthesis defects are associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and loss of beta cell identity in human diabetes. Diabetologia 66(2):354\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-022-05814-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2048_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14496","volume":"23","author":"MA Nauck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Pfeiffer AFH (2021) The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: A pathophysiological update. Diabetes Obes Metab 23(Suppl 3):5\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14496","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2048_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.04.014","volume":"96","author":"JJ Holst","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holst JJ (2019) The incretin system in healthy humans: The role of GIP and GLP-1. Metabolism 96:46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.04.014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"2048_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000080","volume":"24","author":"Y Makino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Makino Y, Fujita Y, Haneda M (2015) Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in progressive kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 24(1):67\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000080","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"2048_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.02.001","volume":"34","author":"G Di Giuseppe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Giuseppe G et al (2023) First-phase insulin secretion: can its evaluation direct therapeutic approaches? Trends Endocrinol Metab 34(4):216\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2023.02.001","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2048_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F355","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00729.2010","volume":"301","author":"RO Crajoinas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crajoinas RO et al (2011) Mechanisms mediating the diuretic and natriuretic actions of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 301(2):F355-363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00729.2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2048_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031403","volume":"89","author":"J-P Gutzwiller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gutzwiller J-P et al (2004) Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces natriuresis in healthy subjects and in insulin-resistant obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(6):3055\u20133061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-031403","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2048_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.049","volume":"818","author":"V Tsimihodimos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsimihodimos V, Elisaf M (2018) Effects of incretin-based therapies on renal function. Eur J Pharmacol 818:103\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.049","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2048_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90175-v","volume":"40","author":"CE Friedberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Friedberg CE, Koomans HA, Bijlsma JA, Rabelink TJ, Dorhout Mees EJ (1991) Sodium retention by insulin may depend on decreased plasma potassium. Metabolism 40(2):201\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90175-v","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2048_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00274259","author":"P Sk\u00f8tt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sk\u00f8tt P et al (1989) Effects of insulin on kidney function and sodium excretion in healthy subjects. Diabetologia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00274259","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2048_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0800219","author":"RO Gans","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gans RO, Toom L, Bilo HJ, Nauta JJ, Heine RJ, Donker AJ (1991) Renal and cardiovascular effects of exogenous insulin in healthy volunteers. Clin Sci (London, England: 1979). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs0800219","journal-title":"Clin Sci (London, England: 1979)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2048_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.10.2357","volume":"14","author":"JC ter Maaten","year":"1999","unstructured":"ter Maaten JC, Bakker SJ, Sern\u00e9 EH, ter Wee PM, Donker AJ, Gans RO (1999) Insulin\u2019s acute effects on glomerular filtration rate correlate with insulin sensitivity whereas insulin\u2019s acute effects on proximal tubular sodium reabsorption correlation with salt sensitivity in normal subjects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14(10):2357\u20132363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/14.10.2357","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"2048_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200109000-00016","volume":"19","author":"JC ter Maaten","year":"2001","unstructured":"ter Maaten JC, Bakker SJ, Sern\u00e9 EH, Donker AJ, Gans RO (2001) Renal sodium handling and haemodynamics are equally affected by hyperinsulinaemia in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant hypertensives. J Hypertens 19(9):1633\u20131641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004872-200109000-00016","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"2048_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405088","volume":"34","author":"P Sk\u00f8tt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sk\u00f8tt P et al (1991) Effect of insulin on renal sodium handling in hyperinsulinaemic type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with peripheral insulin resistance. Diabetologia 34(4):275\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00405088","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"2048_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400657","volume":"39","author":"T Pelik\u00e1nov\u00e1","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pelik\u00e1nov\u00e1 T, Smrckov\u00e1 I, Kr\u00edzov\u00e1 J, Str\u00edbrn\u00e1 J, L\u00e1nsk\u00e1 V (1996) Effects of insulin and lipid emulsion on renal haemodynamics and renal sodium handling in IDDM patients. Diabetologia 39(9):1074\u20131082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00400657","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2048_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000094334","volume":"73","author":"J-P Gutzwiller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gutzwiller J-P et al (2006) Glucagon-like peptide-1 is involved in sodium and water homeostasis in humans. Digestion 73(2\u20133):142\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000094334","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"4","key":"2048_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E664","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3855","volume":"98","author":"J Skov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Skov J et al (2013) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): effect on kidney hemodynamics and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(4):E664-671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-3855","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2048_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20060082","volume":"112","author":"A Pechere-Bertschi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pechere-Bertschi A, Sunaric-Megevand G, Haefliger I, Panarello F, Maillard M, Burnier M (2007) Renal sodium handling in patients with normal pressure glaucoma. Clin Sci (Lond) 112(6):337\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/CS20060082","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2048_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000240516.60040.ba","volume":"48","author":"J Seidlerov\u00e1","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seidlerov\u00e1 J et al (2006) Association between arterial properties and renal sodium handling in a general population. Hypertension 48(4):609\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.HYP.0000240516.60040.ba","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"2048_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1030461","volume":"103","author":"DG Shirley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shirley DG, Walter SJ, Noormohamed FH (2002) Natriuretic effect of caffeine: assessment of segmental sodium reabsorption in humans. Clin Sci (Lond) 103(5):461\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs1030461","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2048_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E641","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00429.2014","volume":"308","author":"A Asmar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asmar A et al (2015) Renal extraction and acute effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on central and renal hemodynamics in healthy men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 308(8):E641-649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00429.2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2048_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00004","volume":"104","author":"A Asmar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asmar A et al (2019) Extracellular fluid volume expansion uncovers a natriuretic action of GLP-1: a functional GLP-1-renal axis in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(7):2509\u20132519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2019-00004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2048_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa643","volume":"106","author":"A Asmar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asmar A et al (2021) The renal extraction and the natriuretic action of GLP-1 in humans depend on interaction with the GLP-1 receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106(1):e11\u2013e19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa643","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2048_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12601","volume":"18","author":"MHA Muskiet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muskiet MHA et al (2016) Acute renal haemodynamic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide in healthy overweight men. Diabetes Obes Metab 18(2):178\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12601","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2048_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1934","volume":"155","author":"C Pyke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pyke C et al (2014) GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody. Endocrinology 155(4):1280\u20131290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2013-1934","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2048_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E744","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00518.2015","volume":"310","author":"A Asmar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asmar A et al (2016) Glucagon-like peptide-1 does not have acute effects on central or renal hemodynamics in patients with type 2 diabetes without nephropathy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 310(9):E744-753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00518.2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2048_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3938-z","volume":"59","author":"L Tonneijck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tonneijck L et al (2016) Acute renal effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide in overweight type 2 diabetes patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia 59(7):1412\u20131421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-016-3938-z","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2048_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12651","volume":"18","author":"J Skov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skov J et al (2016) Short-term effects of liraglutide on kidney function and vasoactive hormones in type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 18(6):581\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12651","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2048_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12985","volume":"19","author":"L Tonneijck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tonneijck L et al (2017) Postprandial renal haemodynamic effect of lixisenatide vs once-daily insulin-glulisine in patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin-glargine: an 8-week, randomised, open-label trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 19(12):1669\u20131680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12985","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2048_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1958","volume":"38","author":"JA Lovshin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lovshin JA, Barnie A, DeAlmeida A, Logan A, Zinman B, Drucker DJ (2015) Liraglutide promotes natriuresis but does not increase circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptide in hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 38(1):132\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-1958","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2048_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1371","volume":"39","author":"L Tonneijck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tonneijck L et al (2016) Renal effects of DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin or GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 39(11):2042\u20132050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-1371","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"2048_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0061","volume":"40","author":"JA Lovshin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lovshin JA et al (2017) Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition stimulates distal tubular natriuresis and increases in circulating SDF-1\u03b11-67 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 40(8):1073\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-0061","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2048_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.06.014","volume":"96","author":"BF Palmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palmer BF et al (2021) Clinical management of hyperkalemia. Mayo Clin Proc 96(3):744\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.06.014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2048_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00386.x","volume":"65","author":"N Abate","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abate N, Chandalia M, Cabo-Chan AV, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (2004) The metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: novel features of renal manifestation of insulin resistance. Kidney Int 65(2):386\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00386.x","journal-title":"Kidney Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-024-02048-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40620-024-02048-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-024-02048-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:53:31Z","timestamp":1777564411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article\/37\/8\/2139\/8306320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-024-02048-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1724-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1724-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. PMF received consultant fees and grant\/other support from Allena Pharmaceuticals, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Gilead, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Rocchetta, Vifor Fresenius, and royalties as an author for UpToDate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}