{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:43:20Z","timestamp":1792172600689,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Health Commission of Mianyang City","award":["201938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201938"]}]},{"name":"Mianyang Central Hospital","award":["2019YJ13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YJ13"]}]},{"name":"Meishan Guiding Project of Science and Technology Plan","award":["2023KJZD073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJZD073"]}]},{"name":"Health Commission of Mianyang city","award":["202218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202218"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The connection between gut dysbiosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized, but, the effect of dietary intake of\u00a0live microbes on the prognosis of CKD is still unclear. This analysis examined the relationship of dietary live microbe intake with mortality among adults with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For this study, information was gathered from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132018, which included 8725 adult participants with CKD. MedHi refers to the live microbial content of food beyond 10\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0CFU\/g. To elucidate the link between MedHi dietary live microbe intake and mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD), we implemented a weighted multivariate Cox regression analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In contrast to survivors, non-survivors had a lower intake of dietary live microbes. The findings from the multivariable model indicated a negative and linear relationship between an increment of 100\u00a0g in MedHi foods and reduced mortality from all-causes and CVD. Likewise, participants in the highest MedHi food group exhibited a 20% and 26% decreased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively, compared to those in the lowest MedHi food group. Stratified analyses conducted on various subgroups yielded consistent findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant inverse linear relationship was found between high dietary live microbe consumption and reduced all-cause and CVD mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-025-02212-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T11:05:39Z","timestamp":1739358339000},"page":"1619-1627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationship between dietary\u00a0consumption of live microbes with mortality in adults with chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","volume":"12","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP (2022) Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 12(1):7\u201311","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 1","key":"2212_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A7","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.01.002","volume":"77","author":"KL Johansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johansen KL, Chertow GM, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Herzog CA, Ishani A, Israni AK, Ku E, Kurella Tamura M, Li S et al (2021) US renal data system 2020 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 77(4 Suppl 1):A7\u2013A8","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"10225","key":"2212_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","volume":"395","author":"Collaboration GBDCKD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collaboration GBDCKD (2020) Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395(10225):709\u2013733","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2212_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040252","volume":"13","author":"J Rysz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rysz J, Franczyk B, Lawinski J, Olszewski R, Cialkowska-Rysz A, Gluba-Brzozka A (2021) The impact of CKD on uremic toxins and gut microbiota. Toxins (Basel) 13(4):252","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2212_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013080905","volume":"25","author":"A Ramezani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramezani A, Raj DS (2014) The gut microbiome, kidney disease, and targeted interventions. J Am Soc Nephrol 25(4):657\u2013670","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2212_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1756-4","volume":"17","author":"YY Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen YY, Chen DQ, Chen L, Liu JR, Vaziri ND, Guo Y, Zhao YY (2019) Microbiome-metabolome reveals the contribution of gut-kidney axis on kidney disease. J Transl Med 17(1):5","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2212_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02352-x","volume":"472","author":"NL Rukavina Mikusic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rukavina Mikusic NL, Kouyoumdzian NM, Choi MR (2020) Gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease: evidences and mechanisms that mediate a new communication in the gastrointestinal-renal axis. Pflugers Arch 472(3):303\u2013320","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2212_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058238","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1058238","volume":"9","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Gao W, Yang J, Mao G, Lu H, Xing W (2022) Association between probiotic, prebiotic, and yogurt consumption and chronic kidney disease: the NHANES 2010\u20132020. Front Nutr 9:1058238","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2212_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1740645","volume":"61","author":"HJ Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng HJ, Guo J, Wang Q, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang F, Huang WJ, Zhang W, Liu WJ, Wang Y (2021) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for the improvement of metabolic profiles in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 61(4):577\u2013598","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2212_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac074","volume":"152","author":"ML Marco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marco ML, Hutkins R, Hill C, Fulgoni VL, Cifelli CJ, Gahche J, Slavin JL, Merenstein D, Tancredi DJ, Sanders ME (2022) A classification system for defining and estimating dietary intake of live microbes in US adults and children. J Nutr 152(7):1729\u20131736","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2212_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa323","volume":"150","author":"ML Marco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marco ML, Hill C, Hutkins R, Slavin J, Tancredi DJ, Merenstein D, Sanders ME (2020) Should there be a recommended daily intake of microbes? J Nutr 150(12):3061\u20133067","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2212_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa013","volume":"79","author":"DA Savaiano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Savaiano DA, Hutkins RW (2021) Yogurt, cultured fermented milk, and health: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 79(5):599\u2013614","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2212_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5935\/0101-2800.20140012","volume":"36","author":"GM Kirsztajn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kirsztajn GM, Filho NS, Draibe SA, Netto MV, Thome FS, Souza E, Bastos MG (2014) Fast reading of the KDIGO 2012: guidelines for evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease in clinical practice. J Bras Nefrol 36(1):63\u201373","journal-title":"J Bras Nefrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2212_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","volume":"150","author":"AS Levey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T et al (2009) A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150(9):604\u2013612","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2212_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.05.030","volume":"43","author":"K Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan K, Ma X, Li C, Zhang X, Shen M, Chen S, Zhao J, He W, Hong H, Gong Y et al (2024) Higher dietary live microbe intake is associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia. Clin Nutr 43(7):1675\u20131682","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2212_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad175","author":"H Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang H, Zhang X, Luo N, Huang J, Zhu Y (2024) Association of dietary live microbes and nondietary prebiotic\/probiotic intake with cognitive function in older adults: evidence from NHANES. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glad175","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2212_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0127-3","volume":"15","author":"R Yacoub","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yacoub R, Kaji D, Patel SN, Simoes PK, Busayavalasa D, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Coca SG, Uribarri J (2016) Association between probiotic and yogurt consumption and kidney disease: insights from NHANES. Nutr J 15:10","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2212_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2079522","volume":"44","author":"Y Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai Y, Quan J, Xiong L, Luo Y, Yi B (2022) Probiotics improve renal function, glucose, lipids, inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail 44(1):862\u2013880","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"2212_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05240515","volume":"11","author":"M Rossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rossi M, Johnson DW, Morrison M, Pascoe EM, Coombes JS, Forbes JM, Szeto CC, McWhinney BC, Ungerer JP, Campbell KL (2016) Synbiotics easing renal failure by improving gut microbiology (SYNERGY): a randomized trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11(2):223\u2013231","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2212_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2023.01.011","volume":"33","author":"M Wakasugi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wakasugi M, Yokoseki A, Wada M, Momotsu T, Sato K, Kawashima H, Nakamura K, Onodera O, Narita I (2023) Vegetable and fruit intake frequency and mortality in patients with and without chronic kidney disease: a hospital-based cohort study. J Ren Nutr 33(4):566\u2013574","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2212_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08580718","volume":"14","author":"VM Saglimbene","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saglimbene VM, Wong G, Ruospo M, Palmer SC, Garcia-Larsen V, Natale P, Teixeira-Pinto A, Campbell KL, Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P et al (2019) Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality in adults undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 14(2):250\u2013260","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2212_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.09.007","volume":"49","author":"ME Sanders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanders ME, Benson A, Lebeer S, Merenstein DJ, Klaenhammer TR (2018) Shared mechanisms among probiotic taxa: implications for general probiotic claims. Curr Opin Biotechnol 49:207\u2013216","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2212_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322806","volume":"132","author":"H Noels","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noels H, Jankowski J (2023) Increased risk of cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease: introduction to a compendium. Circ Res 132(8):899\u2013901","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2212_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.07.009","volume":"13","author":"G Ecklu-Mensah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ecklu-Mensah G, Gilbert J, Devkota S (2022) Dietary selection pressures and their impact on the gut microbiome. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(1):7\u201318","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2212_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069954","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1069954","volume":"13","author":"L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L, Liu B, Ren L, Du H, Fei C, Qian C, Li B, Zhang R, Liu H, Li Z et al (2023) High-fiber diet ameliorates gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood in type 2 diabetes patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:1069954","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2212_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO01096A","volume":"7","author":"A Klinder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klinder A, Shen Q, Heppel S, Lovegrove JA, Rowland I, Tuohy KM (2016) Impact of increasing fruit and vegetables and flavonoid intake on the human gut microbiota. Food Funct 7(4):1788\u20131796","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"9","key":"2212_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000885","volume":"117","author":"KJ Burton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burton KJ, Rosikiewicz M, Pimentel G, Butikofer U, von Ah U, Voirol MJ, Croxatto A, Aeby S, Drai J, McTernan PG et al (2017) Probiotic yogurt and acidified milk similarly reduce postprandial inflammation and both alter the gut microbiota of healthy, young men. Br J Nutr 117(9):1312\u20131322","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2212_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0018-2","volume":"14","author":"T Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang T, Richards EM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK (2018) The gut microbiota and the brain-gut-kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 14(7):442\u2013456","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2212_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e328358c8d5","volume":"21","author":"ND Vaziri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vaziri ND (2012) CKD impairs barrier function and alters microbial flora of the intestine: a major link to inflammation and uremic toxicity. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 21(6):587\u2013592","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"2212_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.772596","volume":"9","author":"S Wagner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wagner S, Merkling T, Metzger M, Koppe L, Laville M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Frimat L, Combe C, Massy ZA, Stengel B et al (2022) Probiotic intake and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease: an analysis of the CKD-REIN cohort. Front Nutr 9:772596","journal-title":"Front Nutr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02212-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02212-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02212-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:59:33Z","timestamp":1777564773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article\/38\/6\/1619\/8457525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02212-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1724-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1724-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The NCHS Ethics Review Board approved the NHANES protocol.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All subjects signed informed consent before participating in this survey.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent to participate"}}]}}