{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:08:24Z","timestamp":1791594504991,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017170","name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C10F630030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C10F630030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CKDNET project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKDNET project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nephrol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-025-02302-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T04:56:29Z","timestamp":1749531389000},"page":"1595-1608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Northeast Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ubon","family":"Cha\u2019on","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adisorn","family":"Aranyapal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunee","family":"Lertsinudom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanpen","family":"Japrung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weerakanya","family":"Maneeprakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panibud","family":"Wongprommek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanachai","family":"Panaput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Roncal-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chagriya","family":"Kitiyakara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chalida","family":"Aphinives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amod","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirirat","family":"Anutrakulchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CKDNET group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2302_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.10.062","volume":"63","author":"R Correa-Rotter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Correa-Rotter R, Wesseling C, Johnson RJ (2014) CKD of unknown origin in Central America: the case for a Mesoamerican nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 63(3):506\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.10.062","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2302_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-180","volume":"14","author":"N Jayatilake","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jayatilake N, Mendis S, Maheepala P et al (2013) Chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology: prevalence and causative factors in a developing country. BMC Nephrol 14:180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2369-14-180","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2302_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2018.10.006","volume":"4","author":"RR Tatapudi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tatapudi RR, Rentala S, Gullipalli P et al (2019) High prevalence of CKD of unknown etiology in Uddanam India. Kidney Int Rep 4(3):380\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2018.10.006","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2302_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11040551","volume":"11","author":"S Nayak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nayak S, Rehman T, Patel K et al (2023) Factors associated with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu): A systematic review. Healthcare (Basel) 11(4):551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11040551","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2302_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2019.02.009","volume":"39","author":"GT Obrador","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obrador GT, Levin A (2019) CKD hotspots: challenges and areas of opportunity. Semin Nephrol 39(3):308\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2019.02.009","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2302_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.08.019","volume":"95","author":"B Caplin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caplin B, Yang CW, Anand S et al (2019) The International Society of Nephrology\u2019s International Consortium of Collaborators on Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: report of the working group on approaches to population-level detection strategies and recommendations for a minimum dataset. Kidney Int 95(1):4\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2018.08.019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2302_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0417-1","volume":"18","author":"B Caplin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caplin B, Jakobsson K, Glaser J et al (2017) International Collaboration for the Epidemiology of eGFR in Low and Middle Income Populations - Rationale and core protocol for the Disadvantaged Populations eGFR Epidemiology Study (DEGREE). BMC Nephrol 18(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-016-0417-1","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"24","key":"2302_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.11.028","volume":"S0085\u20132538","author":"CE Rutter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rutter CE, Njoroge M, Cooper P et al (2024) International prevalence patterns of low eGFR in adults aged 18\u201360 without traditional risk factors from a population-based cross-sectional disadvantaged populations eGFR epidemiology (DEGREE) study. Kidney Int S0085\u20132538(24):00910\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2024.11.028","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2302_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.03.020","volume":"4","author":"ES Wijewickrama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wijewickrama ES, Gunawardena N, Jayasinghe S et al (2019) CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: a multilevel clinical case definition for surveillance and epidemiological studies. Kidney Int Rep 4(6):781\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.03.020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"2302_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S270709","volume":"13","author":"V Sanchez Polo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchez Polo V, Garcia-Trabanino R, Rodriguez G et al (2020) Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN): what we know so far. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 13:261\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJNRD.S270709","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2302_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_327_18","volume":"30","author":"YJ Anupama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anupama YJ, Sankarasubbaiyan S, Taduri G (2020) Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology: case definition for India -A perspective. Indian J Nephrol 30(4):236\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijn.IJN_327_18","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2302_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp669","volume":"25","author":"A Ingsathit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ingsathit A, Thakkinstian A, Chaiprasert A et al (2010) Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in the Thai adult population: Thai SEEK study. Nephrol Dial Transpl 25(5):1567\u20131575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfp669","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"issue":"1","key":"2302_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22538-w","volume":"12","author":"U Cha'on","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cha\u2019on U, Tippayawat P, Sae-Ung N et al (2022) High prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its related risk factors in rural areas of Northeast Thailand. Sci Rep 12(1):18188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-22538-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2302_CR14","unstructured":"The Nephrology Society of Thailand. Thailand renal replacement therapy: Annual report year 2007\u20132019. https:\/\/www.nephrothai.org\/annual-report-thailand-renal-replacement-therapy-2007-2019-th\/. Accessed 12 Feb 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"2302_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00694-9","volume":"11","author":"W Aekplakorn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aekplakorn W, Chariyalertsak S, Kessomboon P et al (2021) Women and other risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Thailand: National Health Examination V Survey. Sci Rep 11(1):21366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-00694-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2302_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.20037","volume":"297","author":"CG Elinder","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elinder CG (2025) Heat-induced kidney disease: understanding the impact. J Intern Med 297(1):101\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.20037","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2302_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09387-w","volume":"20","author":"U Cha'on","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cha\u2019on U, Wongtrangan K, Thinkhamrop B et al (2020) CKDNET, a quality improvement project for prevention and reduction of chronic kidney disease in the Northeast Thailand. BMC Public Health 20(1):1299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09387-w","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2302_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.73","volume":"3","author":"KDIGO CKD Work Group","year":"2013","unstructured":"KDIGO CKD Work Group (2013) KDIGO 2012 Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Inter Suppl 3:1\u2013150","journal-title":"Kidney Inter Suppl"},{"key":"2302_CR19","unstructured":"WHO (2011) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 4th Edition World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.\u00a0http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44584\/1\/ 9789241548151_eng.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"2302_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00230.x","volume":"67","author":"S Moghazi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moghazi S, Jones E, Schroepple J et al (2005) Correlation of renal histopathology with sonographic findings. Kidney Int 67(4):1515\u20131520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00230.x","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2302_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193056","volume":"13","author":"J Wijkstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wijkstr\u00f6m J, Jayasumana C, Dassanayake R et al (2018) Morphological and clinical findings in Sri Lankan patients with chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu): Similarities and differences with Mesoamerican Nephropathy. PLoS One 13(3):e0193056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0193056","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2302_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07500715","volume":"11","author":"J Lunyera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lunyera J, Mohottige D, Von Isenburg M et al (2016) CKD of uncertain etiology: A systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11(3):379\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.07500715","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2302_CR23","unstructured":"Department of Provincial Administration Ministry of Interior, National Statistical Office Thailand (2024) Size and structure of the population by age and sex. https:\/\/www.nso.go.th\/nsoweb\/nso\/statistics_and_indicators?impt_branch=300. Accessed 12 Feb 2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"2302_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21060729","volume":"21","author":"W Maneeprakorn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maneeprakorn W, Tumcharern G, Bamrungsap S et al (2024) Addressing water contamination and associated health issues through community-based interventions: A case study in Khon Kaen province. Int J Environ Res Public Health 21(6):729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21060729","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2302_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061639","volume":"12","author":"E Hansson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansson E, Glaser J, Jakobsson K et al (2020) Pathophysiological mechanisms by which heat stress potentially induces kidney inflammation and chronic kidney disease in sugarcane workers. Nutrients 12(6):1639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12061639","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2302_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0254-0","volume":"16","author":"M Valcke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valcke M, Levasseur ME, Soares da Silva A et al (2017) Pesticide exposures and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology: an epidemiologic review. Environ Health 16(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-017-0254-0","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2302_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.183244","volume":"59","author":"LF Loeffler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loeffler LF, Navas-Acien A, Brady TM et al (2012) Uric acid level and elevated blood pressure in US adolescents: national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999\u20132006. Hypertension 59:811\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.183244","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2302_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4391920","author":"W Cai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai W, Duan XM, Liu Y et al (2017) Uric acid induces endothelial dysfunction by activating the HMGB1\/RAGE signaling pathway. Biomed Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/4391920","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2302_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84943","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084943","volume":"9","author":"ME Stauffer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stauffer ME, Fan T (2014) Prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease in the United States. PLoS One 9(1):e84943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0084943","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2302_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002481","volume":"107","author":"K Iseki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Iseki K, Kohagura K (2007) Anemia as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 107:S4-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ki.5002481","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02302-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02302-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02302-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:59:38Z","timestamp":1777564778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article\/38\/6\/1595\/8461052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02302-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1724-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1724-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Human Research Ethics Office, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand (project number HE 601035) and conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants signed a written informed consent form.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent to participate"}}]}}