{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:19:29Z","timestamp":1783995569660,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a progressive genetic disease with few effective treatments available to slow the decline in kidney function. In ADPKD, there has been increasing interest in ketogenic diets, largely based on experimental data showing favorable effects on cyst growth and kidney function. High-quality clinical trials of sufficient duration using clinically relevant endpoints (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], kidney volume) are crucial to establish efficacy and safety in ADPKD. Although extensive reviews have been published about potential mechanisms of ketogenic diets to slow ADPKD progression, there is no guidance on how these diets should be designed to align with the unique clinical and nutritional needs of people with ADPKD. Potential safety and feasibility concerns for ketogenic diets (risk for nephrolithiasis and cardiovascular disease) should be evaluated in clinical trials to determine whether adherence to a complex diet can be sustained over years. Prior to embarking on a clinical trial, careful development of an ADPKD-appropriate ketogenic diet is required to mitigate against these risks. Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to provide a framework for the specific nutritional factors that should be considered when developing and designing a ketogenic dietary intervention in future clinical trials involving ADPKD patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-025-02378-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T06:19:23Z","timestamp":1754806763000},"page":"2173-2187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nutritional considerations for designing ketogenic dietary interventions for people with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9925-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Dawson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopi K.","family":"Rangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9569","key":"2378_CR1","first-page":"1287","volume":"369","author":"VEMD Torres","year":"2007","unstructured":"Torres VEMD, Harris PCP, Pirson YMD (2007) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The Lancet (British edition) 369(9569):1287\u20131301","journal-title":"The Lancet (British edition)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2378_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013111184","volume":"25","author":"RW Schrier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schrier RW, Brosnahan G, Cadnapaphornchai MA, Chonchol M, Friend K, Gitomer B et al (2014) Predictors of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease progression. J Am Soc Nephrol 25(11):2399\u20132418","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02472-1","volume":"22","author":"T Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma T, Lambert K (2021) What are the information needs and concerns of individuals with Polycystic Kidney Disease? Results of an online survey using Facebook and social listening analysis. BMC Nephrol 22(1):263","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2378_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1053\/j.akdh.2023.01.002","volume":"30","author":"M Gittus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gittus M, Harris T, Ong ACM (2023) Patient perspectives on ADPKD. Adv Kidney Dis Health 30(3):294\u2013302","journal-title":"Adv Kidney Dis Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2378_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2015.10.008","volume":"35","author":"KLAPDP Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell KLAPDP, Rangan GKMBBSPF, Lopez-Vargas PMPH, Tong AP (2015) KHA-CARI Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Guideline: Diet and Lifestyle Management. Seminars Nephrol 35(6):572\u201381.e17","journal-title":"Seminars Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2378_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V5122037","volume":"5","author":"S Klahr","year":"1995","unstructured":"Klahr S, Breyer JA, Beck GJ, Dennis VW, Hartman JA, Roth D et al (1995) Dietary protein restriction, blood pressure control, and the progression of polycystic kidney disease. Modification of diet in renal disease study group. J Am Soc Nephrol 5(12):2037\u20132047","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2378_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.07.023","volume":"68","author":"OWMDMS Amro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amro OWMDMS, Paulus JKS, Noubary FP, Perrone RDMD (2016) Low-osmolar diet and adjusted water intake for vasopressin reduction in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 68(6):882\u2013891","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2378_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad218","volume":"39","author":"P Geertsema","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geertsema P, Koorevaar IW, Ipema KJR, Kramers BJ, Casteleijn NF, Gansevoort RT et al (2024) Effects of salt and protein intake on polyuria in V2RA-treated ADPKD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 39(4):707\u2013716","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.01.003","volume":"36","author":"JM Taylor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taylor JM, Hamilton-Reeves JM, Sullivan DK, Gibson CA, Creed C, Carlson SE et al (2017) Diet and polycystic kidney disease: a pilot intervention study. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 36(2):458\u2013466","journal-title":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.07.009","volume":"107","author":"O Devuyst","year":"2025","unstructured":"Devuyst O, Ahn C, Barten TRM, Brosnahan G, Cadnapaphornchai MA, Chapman AB et al (2025) Kdigo 2025 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation, management, and treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Kidney Int 107(2):S1\u2013S239","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2378_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac103","volume":"15","author":"ACM Ong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ong ACM, Torra R (2022) Can ketogenic dietary interventions slow disease progression in ADPKD: what we know and what we don\u2019t. Clin Kidney J 15(6):1034\u20131036","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2378_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000326","volume":"19","author":"FT Chebib","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chebib FT, Nowak KL, Chonchol MB, Bing K, Ghanem A, Rahbari-Oskoui FF et al (2024) Polycystic kidney disease diet: what is known and what is safe. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 19(5):664\u2013682","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2378_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112621","volume":"15","author":"I Capelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Capelli I, Lerario S, Aiello V, Provenzano M, Di Costanzo R, Squadrani A et al (2023) Diet and physical activity in adult dominant polycystic kidney disease: a review of the literature. Nutrients 15(11):2621","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"2378_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.13291019","volume":"15","author":"KL Nowak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nowak KL, Hopp K (2020) Metabolic reprogramming in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: evidence and therapeutic potential. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 15(4):577\u2013584","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2378_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162676","volume":"16","author":"C Pezzuoli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pezzuoli C, Biagini G, Magistroni R (2024) Ketogenic interventions in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a comprehensive review of current evidence. Nutrients 16(16):2676","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"19","key":"2378_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193281","volume":"16","author":"M Messing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Messing M, Torres JA, Holznecht N, Weimbs T (2024) Trigger warning: how modern diet, lifestyle, and environment pull the trigger on autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease progression. Nutrients 16(19):3281","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab131","volume":"13","author":"L Pickel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pickel L, Iliuta I-A, Scholey J, Pei Y, Sung H-K (2022) Dietary Interventions in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md) 13(2):652\u2013666","journal-title":"Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2378_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071576","volume":"11","author":"S Carriazo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carriazo S, Perez-Gomez MV, Cordido A, Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, Sanz AB, Ortiz A et al (2019) Dietary care for ADPKD patients: current status and future directions. Nutrients 11(7):1576","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"18","key":"2378_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183216","volume":"16","author":"K K\u0119dzierska-Kapuza","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u0119dzierska-Kapuza K, \u0141opuszy\u0144ska I, Niewi\u0144ski G, Franek E, Szczuko M (2024) The influence of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions on the course of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nutrients 16(18):3216","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"2378_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05406-z","volume":"37","author":"A Dachy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dachy A, Decuypere J-P, Vennekens R, Jouret F, Mekahli D (2022) Is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease an early sweet disease? Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, West) 37(9):1945\u20131955","journal-title":"Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, West)"},{"issue":"16","key":"2378_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162582","volume":"16","author":"E Rosati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosati E, Condello G, Tacente C, Mariani I, Tommolini V, Calvaruso L et al (2024) Potential add-on benefits of dietary intervention in the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nutrients 16(16):2582","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010145","volume":"17","author":"D Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li D, Dawson J, Gunton JE (2024) Therapeutic potential of ketogenic interventions for autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: a systematic review. Nutrients 17(1):145","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"2378_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.06.006","volume":"117","author":"K Roehl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roehl K, Sewak SL (2017) Practice paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: classic and modified ketogenic diets for treatment of epilepsy. J Acad Nutr Diet 117(8):1279\u20131292","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2378_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702802","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.702802","volume":"8","author":"L Crosby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crosby L, Davis B, Joshi S, Jardine M, Paul J, Neola M et al (2021) Ketogenic diets and chronic disease: weighing the benefits against the risks. Front Nutrition (Lausanne) 8:702802","journal-title":"Front Nutrition (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR25","first-page":"39","volume":"9","author":"P Acharya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Acharya P, Acharya C, Thongprayoon C, Hansrivijit P, Kanduri SR, Kovvuru K et al (2021) Incidence and characteristics of kidney stones in patients on ketogenic diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis 9(2):39","journal-title":"Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2378_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.09.012","volume":"30","author":"JA Torres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Torres JA, Kruger SL, Broderick C, Amarlkhagva T, Agrawal S, Dodam JR et al (2019) Ketosis Ameliorates Renal Cyst Growth in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cell Metab 30(6):1007\u201323.e5","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2378_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101283","author":"S Cukoski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cukoski S, Lindemann CH, Arjune S, Todorova P, Brecht T, K\u00fchn A et al (2023) Feasibility and impact of ketogenic dietary interventions in polycystic kidney disease: KETO-ADPKD\u2014a randomized controlled trial. Cell Rep Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101283","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2010.01.001","volume":"17","author":"AB Chapman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chapman AB, Stepniakowski K, Rahbari-Oskoui F (2010) Hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 17(2):153\u2013163","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2378_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.07.017","volume":"8","author":"PS Sagar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sagar PS, Rangan GK (2023) Cardiovascular manifestations and management in ADPKD. Kidney Int Rep 8(10):1924\u20131940","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2378_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03100608","volume":"4","author":"JL Nishiura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nishiura JL, Neves RFCA, Eloi SRM, Cintra SMLF, Ajzen SA, Heilberg IP (2009) Evaluation of nephrolithiasis in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4(4):838\u2013844","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2378_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376098","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1376098","volume":"11","author":"JS Volek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Volek JS, Yancy JWS, Gower BA, Phinney SD, Slavin J, Koutnik AP et al (2024) Expert consensus on nutrition and lower-carbohydrate diets: an evidence- and equity-based approach to dietary guidance. Front Nutrition (Lausanne) 11:1376098","journal-title":"Front Nutrition (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3S1","key":"2378_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","volume":"76","author":"TA Ikizler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ikizler TA, Burrowes JD, Byham-Gray LD, Campbell KL, Carrero J-J, Chan W et al (2020) KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update. Am J Kidney Diseases\u202f: The Official J National Kidney Foundation 76(3S1):S1\u2013S107","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Diseases : The Official J National Kidney Foundation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2378_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02430312","volume":"8","author":"N Goraya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goraya N, Simoni J, Jo C-H, Wesson DE (2013) A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology\u202f: CJASN 8(3):371\u2013381","journal-title":"Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR34","first-page":"86","volume":"81","author":"G Nimrit","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nimrit G, Jan S, Chanhee J, Donald EW (2011) Dietary acid reduction with fruits and vegetables or bicarbonate attenuates kidney injury in patients with a moderately reduced glomerular filtration rate due to hypertensive nephropathy. Kidney Int 81(1):86","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2378_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.08.003","volume":"13","author":"CF Kirkpatrick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick CF, Bolick JP, Kris-Etherton PM, Sikand G, Aspry KE, Soffer DE et al (2019) Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force. J Clin Lipidol 13(5):689-711.e1","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3390\/kidneydial2020020","volume":"2","author":"DM Bruen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bruen DM, Kingaard JJ, Munits M, Paimanta CS, Torres JA, Saville J et al (2022) Ren.Nu, a dietary program for individuals with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease implementing a sustainable, plant-focused, kidney-safe, ketogenic approach with avoidance of renal stressors. Kidney and dialysis 2(2):183\u2013203","journal-title":"Kidney and dialysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.10.018","volume":"91","author":"VE Torres","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torres VE, Abebe KZ, Schrier RW, Perrone RD, Chapman AB, Yu AS et al (2017) Dietary salt restriction is beneficial to the management of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 91(2):493\u2013500","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2378_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.053","volume":"98","author":"BJ Kramers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kramers BJ, Koorevaar IW, Drenth JPH, de Fijter JW, Neto AG, Peters DJM et al (2020) Salt, but not protein intake, is associated with accelerated disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 98(4):989\u2013998","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.12.001","volume":"22","author":"E Judd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Judd E, Calhoun DA (2015) Management of hypertension in CKD: beyond the guidelines. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 22(2):116\u2013122","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2378_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs384","volume":"27","author":"R Agarwal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agarwal R (2012) Resistant hypertension and the neglected antihypertensive: sodium restriction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27(11):4041\u20134045","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"2378_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060732","volume":"10","author":"C Garofalo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garofalo C, Borrelli S, Provenzano M, De Stefano T, Vita C, Chiodini P et al (2018) Dietary salt restriction in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrients 10(6):732","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"2378_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001007","volume":"11","author":"MC Cervenka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cervenka MC, Wood S, Bagary M, Balabanov A, Bercovici E, Brown M-G et al (2021) International recommendations for the management of adults treated with ketogenic diet therapies. Neurology Clinical practice 11(5):385\u2013397","journal-title":"Neurology Clinical practice"},{"key":"2378_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597605","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/597605","volume":"2012","author":"E Gonz\u00e1lez-Parra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Parra E, Gracia-Iguacel C, Egido J, Ortiz A (2012) Phosphorus and Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease. International journal of nephrology 2012:597605\u2013597615","journal-title":"International journal of nephrology"},{"key":"2378_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00282.2019","author":"F Omede","year":"2020","unstructured":"Omede F, Zhang S, Johnson C (2020) Dietary phosphate restriction attenuates polycystic kidney disease in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00282.2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2378_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad247","author":"L Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue L, Geurts F, Meijer E, de Borst MH, Gansevoort RT, Zietse R et al (2023) Kidney phosphate wasting predicts poor outcome in polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfad247","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2100021","volume":"1","author":"GK Rangan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rangan GK, Wong ATY, Munt A, Zhang JQJ, Saravanabavan S, Louw S et al (2022) Prescribed water intake in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. NEJM Evid 1(1):EVIDoa2100021-EVIDoa","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-2104-z","volume":"17","author":"G Muscogiuri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Laudisio D, Pugliese G, Salzano C, Savastano S et al (2019) The management of very low-calorie ketogenic diet in obesity outpatient clinic: a practical guide. J Transl Med 17(1):356","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2378_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12857","volume":"20","author":"C Churuangsuk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Churuangsuk C, Griffiths D, Lean MEJ, Combet E (2019) Impacts of carbohydrate-restricted diets on micronutrient intakes and status: a systematic review. Obes Rev 20(8):1132\u20131147","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2378_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1159\/000486011","volume":"42","author":"S Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai S, Mastroluca D, Matino S, Panebianco V, Vitarelli A, Capotosto L et al (2017) Early markers of cardiovascular risk in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 42(6):1290\u20131302","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-00142-z","volume":"10","author":"X Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan X, Wang J, Yang S, Gao M, Cao L, Li X et al (2020) Effect of the ketogenic diet on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism in patients with T2DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Diabetes 10(1):38","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","volume":"41","author":"F Mach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L et al (2020) 2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 41(1):111","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"9","key":"2378_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092671","volume":"12","author":"EA Trautwein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trautwein EA, McKay S (2020) The role of specific components of a plant-based diet in management of dyslipidemia and the impact on cardiovascular risk. Nutrients 12(9):2671","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"2378_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000750","volume":"112","author":"RT Ras","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ras RT, Geleijnse JM, Trautwein EA (2014) LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Br J Nutr 112(2):214\u2013219","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2378_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.13861119","volume":"15","author":"M Bargagli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bargagli M, Dhayat NA, Anderegg M, Semmo M, Huynh-Do U, Vogt B et al (2020) Urinary lithogenic risk profile in ADPKD patients treated with tolvaptan. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 15(7):1007\u20131014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2378_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(88)80137-9","volume":"11","author":"VE Torres","year":"1988","unstructured":"Torres VE, Erickson SB, Smith LH, Wilson DM, Hattery RR, Segura JW (1988) The association of nephrolithiasis and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 11(4):318\u2013325","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0126-1","volume":"16","author":"VK Sigurjonsdottir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sigurjonsdottir VK, Runolfsdottir HL, Indridason OS, Palsson R, Edvardsson VO (2015) Impact of nephrolithiasis on kidney function. BMC Nephrol 16(1):149","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2378_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad063c_3521","author":"H Moon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moon H, Ryu H, Kim YC, Park HC, Oh K-H, Oh YK (2023) 3521 association between neprolithiasis and kidney disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients: a prospective cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfad063c_3521","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"2378_CR58","first-page":"CD004292-CD","volume":"2020","author":"Y Bao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bao Y, Tu X, Wei Q (2020) Water for preventing urinary stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020(3):CD004292-CD","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu243","volume":"31","author":"A Ticinesi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ticinesi A, Nouvenne A, Maalouf NM, Borghi L, Meschi T (2016) Salt and nephrolithiasis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 31(1):39\u201345","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"2378_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051182","volume":"11","author":"C D'Alessandro","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro C, Ferraro PM, Cianchi C, Barsotti M, Gambaro G, Cupisti A (2019) Which diet for calcium stone patients: a real-world approach to preventive care. Nutrients 11(5):1182","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"2378_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2015.4.3.137","volume":"4","author":"H Han","year":"2015","unstructured":"Han H, Segal AM, Seifter JL, Dwyer JT (2015) Nutritional management of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). Clin Nutr Res 4(3):137\u2013152","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2378_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030779","volume":"12","author":"PM Ferraro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferraro PM, Bargagli M, Trinchieri A, Gambaro G (2020) Risk of kidney stones: influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian-vegan diets. Nutrients 12(3):779","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"2378_CR63","first-page":"CD010057","volume":"2015","author":"R Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips R, Hanchanale VS, Myatt A, Somani B, Nabi G, Biyani CS (2015) Citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium containing kidney stones in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015(10):CD010057","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2378_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F352","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00205.2023","volume":"326","author":"JA Torres","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torres JA, Holznecht N, Asplund DA, Amarlkhagva T, Kroes BC, Rebello J et al (2024) A combination of \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate and citrate ameliorates disease progression in a rat model of polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 326(3):F352\u2013F368","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2378_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.12.004","volume":"34","author":"MR Amini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amini MR, Askarpour M, Ghalandari H, Gholizadeh M, Pouraram H (2023) Effect of ketogenic diet on blood pressure: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition, Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease 34(4):823\u2013837","journal-title":"Nutrition, Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease"},{"issue":"10","key":"2378_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13053","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13053","volume":"21","author":"M Watanabe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watanabe M, Tuccinardi D, Ernesti I, Basciani S, Mariani S, Genco A et al (2020) Scientific evidence underlying contraindications to the ketogenic diet: an update. Obesity Rev 21(10):e13053","journal-title":"Obesity Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2378_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2023.02.006","volume":"33","author":"J Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee J, Ryu H, Kim Y-C, Park HC, Ahn C, Lee K-B et al (2023) Nutritional status is associated with preserved kidney function in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 33(4):529\u2013537","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2378_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0434-0","volume":"18","author":"H Ryu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryu H, Kim H, Park HC, Kim H, Cho EJ, Lee K-B et al (2017) Total kidney and liver volume is a major risk factor for malnutrition in ambulatory patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 18(1):22","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2378_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.01.005","volume":"76","author":"Y Cho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cho Y, Rangan G, Logeman C, Ryu H, Sautenet B, Perrone RD et al (2020) Core outcome domains for trials in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: an international delphi survey. Am J Kidney Dis 76(3):361\u2013373","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2378_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.135","volume":"12","author":"JJ Grantham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grantham JJ, Torres VE (2016) The importance of total kidney volume in evaluating progression of polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 12(11):667\u2013677","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2378_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab162","volume":"15","author":"S Strubl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strubl S, Oehm S, Torres JA, Grundmann F, Haratani J, Decker M et al (2022) Ketogenic dietary interventions in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease\u2014a retrospective case series study: first insights into feasibility, safety and effects. Clin Kidney J 15(6):1079\u20131092","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02378-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02378-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02378-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:59:28Z","timestamp":1777564768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/joneph\/article\/38\/8\/2173\/8457500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-025-02378-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1724-6059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1724-6059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not related to this review article, GR is recipient of investigator-initiated grant funding from Danone Research and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, and Chair of Scientific Advisory Board of PKD Australia.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This review does not include any human participants or animals.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent to participate"}}]}}