{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:59:44Z","timestamp":1791410384860,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007052","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nephrol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kidney stone formation is driven by an imbalance between lithogenic substances and crystallization inhibitors. Current guidelines recommend a 24-h urine collection in patients with kidney stone disease to assess the risk of stone formation and monitor therapy compliance. However, real-world data on adherence to these guidelines remain limited and outdated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the Health Search Database to examine laboratory test data of patients with kidney stone disease between 2013 and 2022 in Italy. Adults with at least one episode of kidney or ureteral stones during this period were included. We used the prescription of urinary calcium, oxalate, and citrate levels as a proxy for full metabolic testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 21,907 adult patients were identified (44.6% women). Only 4.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091059) underwent 24-h urine testing, and just 0.6% had all three target measurements. Testing rates were slightly higher in recurrent stone formers (6.1%). The likelihood of receiving a test increased nearly sixfold after a nephrology visit (OR 6.09, 95% CI 5.27\u20137.05,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), compared to a lower increase after urology visits (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.71\u20132.23,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Nonetheless, fewer than 10% of kidney stone disease patients consulted a nephrologist, and only half of those with coexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD) had such a referral.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Awareness of 24-h urine testing and nephrology referral in stone formers remains low, despite their role in guiding personalized treatment. Promoting their use could enhance patient care by identifying urinary abnormalities and reducing the risk of recurrence and complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-025-02389-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T02:46:41Z","timestamp":1757126801000},"page":"2767-2774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["24-h urine test application in patients with kidney stone disease: a population-based study in a primary care setting"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro Manuel","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Spasiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gambaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Prezioso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Piccinocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000994","volume":"32","author":"M Abufaraj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abufaraj M, Al Karmi J, Yang L (2022) Prevalence and trends of urolithiasis among adults. 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G.G. received consultant fees and grant\/other support from Roche Diagnostics, Fresenius kabi, Alexion, Alnylam, Astra Zeneca, Medtronics, Vifor Pharma, Samsungbioepis and royalties as an author for UpToDate. D.P. received consultant fees and grant\/other support from Alnylam. F.L. received consultant fees and grant\/other support from AstraZeneca. A.S. and G.P. declare no conflicts of interest about the content of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Scientific Committee of the Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care. The research complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and followed the ENCePP Guide on Methodological Standards in Pharmacoepidemiology. Conducted in 2022, this was a retrospective, non-interventional, non-pharmacological observational study. As such, according to the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) note dated August 3, 2007 and GU No. 31, February 7, 2023, ethics committee approval was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This study was in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}},{"value":"Conducted in 2022, this was a retrospective, non-interventional, non-pharmacological observational study. As such, according to the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) note dated August 3, 2007 and GU No. 31, February 7, 2023, informed consent was not required.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent to participate"}}]}}