{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:10:41Z","timestamp":1791925841061,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journ Child Adol Trauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-026-00848-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:14:22Z","timestamp":1773767662000},"page":"1597-1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u2018It Is Not My Business\u2019: Adolescent Boys\u2019 Experiences and Responses to Community Violence in Soweto, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Campion","family":"Zharima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elton","family":"Mboneli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lerato","family":"Tsotetsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Vermaak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Busisiwe","family":"Nkala-Dlamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avy","family":"Violari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Hammock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janan","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"848_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bacchini, D., & Esposito, C. (2020). Growing Up in Violent Contexts: Differential Effects of Community, Family, and School Violence on Child Adjustment. In N. Balvin & D. J. Christie (Eds.), Children and Peace: From Research to Action (pp. 157\u2013171). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-22176-8_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22176-8_10"},{"issue":"4","key":"848_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/14616742.2021.1931395","volume":"24","author":"A Baird","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baird, A., Bishop, M. L., & Kerrigan, D. (2022). Breaking bad? Gangs, masculinities, and murder in Trinidad. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 24(4), 632\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616742.2021.1931395","journal-title":"International Feminist Journal of Politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930600562276","volume":"21","author":"JP Baker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baker, J. P., & Berenbaum, H. (2007). Emotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies. Cognition & Emotion, 21(1), 95\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930600562276","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1644646","volume":"50","author":"J Beardslee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beardslee, J., Docherty, M., Mulvey, E., & Pardini, D. (2021). The Direct and Indirect Associations between Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Adolescent Gun Violence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(3), 326\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2019.1644646","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X08315102","volume":"11","author":"C Beasley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beasley, C. (2008). Rethinking Hegemonic Masculinity in a Globalizing World. Men and Masculinities, 11(1), 86\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1097184X08315102","journal-title":"Men and Masculinities"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/10887679211070230","volume":"28","author":"B Bowman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bowman, B., Kramer, S., Salau, S., & Matzopoulos, R. (2024). Trends, Correlates, and Contexts of Robbery-Homicide in South Africa. Homicide Studies, 28(1), 27\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10887679211070230","journal-title":"Homicide Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838013487806","volume":"14","author":"P Boxer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boxer, P., & Sloan-Power, E. (2013). Coping With Violence: A Comprehensive Framework and Implications for Understanding Resilience. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 14(3), 209\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838013487806","journal-title":"Trauma Violence & Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"848_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12678","volume":"31","author":"S Branje","year":"2021","unstructured":"Branje, S., De Moor, E. L., Spitzer, J., & Becht, A. I. (2021). Dynamics of Identity Development in Adolescence: A Decade in Review. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(4), 908\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jora.12678","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1017\/S1537592717002195","volume":"16","author":"SK Bruch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruch, S. K., & Soss, J. (2018). Schooling as a Formative Political Experience: Authority Relations and the Education of Citizens. Perspectives on Politics, 16(1), 36\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1537592717002195","journal-title":"Perspectives on Politics"},{"key":"848_CR10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025). Community Violence Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/community-violence\/about\/index.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7185(89)90001-8","volume":"20","author":"AJ Christopher","year":"1989","unstructured":"Christopher, A. J. (1989). Spatial variations in the application of residential segregation in South African cities. Geoforum, 20(3), 253\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-7185(89)90001-8","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/00420989020080361","volume":"27","author":"AJ Christopher","year":"1990","unstructured":"Christopher, A. J. (1990). Apartheid and Urban Segregation Levels in South Africa. Urban Studies, 27(3), 421\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00420989020080361","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"848_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243205278639","volume":"19","author":"RW Connell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829\u2013859.","journal-title":"Gender & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"848_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12226","volume":"11","author":"E Crocetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crocetti, E. (2017). Identity Formation in Adolescence: The Dynamic of Forming and Consolidating Identity Commitments. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 145\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12226","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/02582477008671475","volume":"2","author":"TRH Davenport","year":"1970","unstructured":"Davenport, T. R. H. (1970). The Triumph of Colonel Stallard: The Transformation of the Natives (Urban Areas) Act between 1923 and 1937. South African Historical Journal, 2(1), 77\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02582477008671475","journal-title":"South African Historical Journal"},{"key":"848_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143516","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1143516","volume":"11","author":"MK Dawson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dawson, M. K., Ivey, A., & Buggs, S. (2023). Relationships, resources, and political empowerment: Community violence intervention strategies that contest the logics of policing and incarceration. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1143516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1143516","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"848_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301680","volume":"104","author":"SL Desmarais","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desmarais, S. L., Van Dorn, R. A., Johnson, K. L., Grimm, K. J., Douglas, K. S., & Swartz, M. S. (2014). Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults With Mental Illnesses. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), 2342\u20132349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301680","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"848_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deuchar, R. (2018). Gang Members \u2018Doing Masculinity.\u2019 In R. Deuchar, Gangs and Spirituality (pp. 19\u201337). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-78899-9_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78899-9_2"},{"issue":"6","key":"848_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504263869","volume":"19","author":"BA Dinan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dinan, B. A., McCall, G. J., & Gibson, D. (2004). Community Violence and PTSD in Selected South African Townships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(6), 727\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260504263869","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"7","key":"848_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1080\/13510347.2019.1613377","volume":"26","author":"SK Dreier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dreier, S. K., & Lake, M. (2019). Institutional legitimacy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Democratization, 26(7), 1194\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13510347.2019.1613377","journal-title":"Democratization"},{"issue":"2","key":"848_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X12469878","volume":"16","author":"SL Dworkin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dworkin, S. L., Hatcher, A. M., Colvin, C., & Peacock, D. (2013). Impact of a Gender-Transformative HIV and Antiviolence Program on Gender Ideologies and Masculinities in Two Rural, South African Communities. Men and Masculinities, 16(2), 181\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1097184X12469878","journal-title":"Men and Masculinities"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR22","first-page":"207","volume":"12","author":"A Enaifoghe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Enaifoghe, A., & Dlamini, N. (2021). South African political landscape and the quest for youth inclusion: Opportunity for socio-political and economic development. African Journal of Public Affairs, 12(1), 207\u2013226.","journal-title":"African Journal of Public Affairs"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029753","volume":"19","author":"Q Epstein-Ngo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Epstein-Ngo, Q., Maurizi, L. K., Bregman, A., & Ceballo, R. (2013). In response to community violence: Coping strategies and involuntary stress responses among Latino adolescents. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(1), 38\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029753","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-024-01926-7","volume":"22","author":"IL Ezenwosu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ezenwosu, I. L., & Uzochukwu, B. S. C. (2025). Prevalence, risk factors and interventions to prevent violence against adolescents and youths in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. Reproductive Health, 22(1), 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-024-01926-7","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12924","volume":"34","author":"M Fenner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fenner, M., Wilson, T., Riley, A., & Culyba, A. J. (2024). Exploring adolescent-adult connections, coping, and safety among minoritized youth in neighborhoods impacted by community violence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 34(3), 618\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jora.12924","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"848_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2010.01642.x","volume":"66","author":"G Finchilescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Finchilescu, G., & Tredoux, C. (2010). The Changing Landscape of Intergroup Relations in South Africa: The Changing Landscape of Intergroup Relations. Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), 223\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2010.01642.x","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"848_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.031","volume":"84","author":"CM Forke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forke, C. M., Myers, R. K., Fein, J. A., Catallozzi, M., Localio, A. R., Wiebe, D. J., & Grisso, J. A. (2018). Witnessing intimate partner violence as a child: How boys and girls model their parents\u2019 behaviors in adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 84, 241\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.031","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"848_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517689885","volume":"35","author":"M Forster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forster, M., Gower, A. L., McMorris, B. J., & Borowsky, I. W. (2020). Adverse Childhood Experiences and School-Based Victimization and Perpetration. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(3\u20134), 662\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517689885","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000145","volume":"21","author":"PJ Fowler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fowler, P. J., Tompsett, C. J., Braciszewski, J. M., Jacques-Tiura, A. J., & Baltes, B. B. (2009). Community violence: A meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 21(1), 227\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579409000145","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"848_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515572474","volume":"31","author":"NK Gaylord-Harden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Dickson, D., & Pierre, C. (2016). Profiles of Community Violence Exposure Among African American Youth: An Examination of Desensitization to Violence Using Latent Class Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(11), 2077\u20132101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260515572474","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"848_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2019.1614671","volume":"22","author":"A Gibbs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gibbs, A., Myrttinen, H., Washington, L., Sikweyiya, Y., & Jewkes, R. (2020). Constructing, reproducing and challenging masculinities in a participatory intervention in urban informal settlements in South Africa. Culture Health & Sexuality, 22(5), 535\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2019.1614671","journal-title":"Culture Health & Sexuality"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103581","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2022.2103581","volume":"18","author":"G Green","year":"2023","unstructured":"Green, G., Swartz, A., Tembo, D., Cooper, D., George, A., Matzopoulos, R., Leal, A. F., Cabral, C., Barbosa, R., & Knauth, D. (2023). A scoping review of how exposure to urban violence impacts youth access to sexual, reproductive and trauma health care in LMICs. Global Public Health, 18(1), 2103581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2022.2103581","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"key":"848_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112637","volume":"295","author":"AM Hatcher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hatcher, A. M., Gibbs, A., McBride, R. S., Rebombo, D., Khumalo, M., & Christofides, N. J. (2022). Gendered syndemic of intimate partner violence, alcohol misuse, and HIV risk among peri-urban, heterosexual men in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 295, 112637.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-021-09890-5","volume":"15","author":"P Hoosen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoosen, P., Adams, S., Tiliouine, H., & Savahl, S. (2022). Youth and Adolescents\u2019 Perceptions of Violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Child Indicators Research, 15(3), 885\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12187-021-09890-5","journal-title":"Child Indicators Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"848_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-024-04407-x","volume":"28","author":"EM Inman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Inman, E. M., Nkala-Dlamini, B., Violari, A., & Kidman, R. (2024). HIV Stigma, Health, and Violence: A Longitudinal Study among Adolescent Boys with HIV in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 28(10), 3197\u20133204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-024-04407-x","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"848_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106751","volume":"151","author":"E Jagasia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jagasia, E., Bloom, I., Nelson, K. E., & Campbell, J. (2024). Early adolescent development in the face of violence: A systematic review running. Child Abuse & Neglect, 151, 106751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106751","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0318063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318063","volume":"20","author":"R Kidman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kidman, R., Dietrich, J. J., Zhang, X., Ramsammy, C. W., Madi, P., Vermaak, S., Nkala-Dlamini, B., & Violari, A. (2025a). Measuring real-time violence exposure and its impact on intimate partner violence perpetration among adolescents. PLOS ONE, 20(3), e0318063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0318063","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001718","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001718","volume":"3","author":"R Kidman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kidman, R., Zhang, X., Dietrich, J. J., Vermaak, S., Ramsammy, C. W., Madi, P., Leshabane, G., & Violari, A. (2025b). Drivers of onward HIV transmission risk among adolescent boys growing up with HIV: A longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Public Health, 3(1), e001718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-001718","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/0021909620946853","volume":"56","author":"G Lamb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lamb, G. (2021). Safeguarding the Republic? The South African Police Service, Legitimacy and the Tribulations of Policing a Violent Democracy. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 56(1), 92\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0021909620946853","journal-title":"Journal of Asian and African Studies"},{"key":"848_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lauger, T. R., & Lee, S. (2020). Gang Violence: Examining Ecological, Cultural, Social Psychological, and Psychological Factors Across the Life Course. In R. Geffner, J. W. White, L. K. Hamberger, A. Rosenbaum, V. Vaughan-Eden, & V. I. Vieth (Eds.), Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan (pp. 1\u201320). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-62122-7_104-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62122-7_104-1"},{"key":"848_CR41","unstructured":"Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company."},{"issue":"4","key":"848_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2979\/reseafrilite.48.4.17","volume":"48","author":"Loren Kruger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loren Kruger. (2017). The Soweto Uprisings Forty Years On: Usable Pasts and Uncertain Futures. Research in African Literatures, 48(4), 250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2979\/reseafrilite.48.4.17","journal-title":"Research in African Literatures"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214205","volume":"7","author":"R Lowry","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lowry, R., Sleet, D., Duncan, C., Powell, K., & Kolbe, L. (1995). Adolescents at risk for violence. Educational Psychology Review, 7(1), 7\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02214205","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/15524256.2021.2002234","volume":"18","author":"P Mathe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mathe, P. (2022). My Reflection and Interpretation of Challenges Faced by the Most Vulnerable Palliative Care Patients durIng COVID-19 in Soweto, South Africa. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care, 18(1), 8\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15524256.2021.2002234","journal-title":"Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514567576","volume":"56","author":"DC McCoy","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCoy, D. C., Raver, C. C., & Sharkey, P. (2015). Children\u2019s Cognitive Performance and Selective Attention Following Recent Community Violence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 56(1), 19\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022146514567576","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"848_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2011-040083","volume":"18","author":"DD McDaniel","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDaniel, D. D. (2012). Risk and protective factors associated with gang affiliation among high-risk youth: A public health approach. Injury Prevention, 18(4), 253\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2011-040083","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"6","key":"848_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-011-9391-5","volume":"36","author":"CC McDonald","year":"2011","unstructured":"McDonald, C. C., Deatrick, J. A., Kassam-Adams, N., & Richmond, T. S. (2011). Community Violence Exposure and Positive Youth Development in Urban Youth. Journal of Community Health, 36(6), 925\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-011-9391-5","journal-title":"Journal of Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199559","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2023.2199559","volume":"9","author":"MT Melkamu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Melkamu, M. T., & Teshome, W. (2023). Public trust in the police: Investigating the influence of police performance, procedural fairness, and police-community relations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 2199559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311886.2023.2199559","journal-title":"Cogent Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953243","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1953243","volume":"14","author":"M Milovanovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Milovanovic, M., Jewkes, R., Otwombe, K., Jaffer, M., Hopkins, K., Hlongwane, K., Matuludi, M., Mbowane, V., Gray, G., Dunkle, K., Hunt, G., Welte, A., Kassanjee, R., Slingers, N., Vanleeuw, L., Puren, A., Kinghorn, A., Martinson, N., Abdullah, F., & Coetzee, J. (2021). Community-led cross-sectional study of social and employment circumstances, HIV and associated factors amongst female sex workers in South Africa: Study protocol. Global Health Action, 14(1), 1953243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16549716.2021.1953243","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"848_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mootz, J. J., Fennig, M., Giusto, A., Mumey, A., Greene, C. M., & Wainberg, M. L. (2023). Interventions Addressing Family Violence and Mental Illness or Substance Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, 1\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gmh.2023.62","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2023.62"},{"issue":"4","key":"848_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20137","volume":"32","author":"MM Moretti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moretti, M. M., Obsuth, I., Odgers, C. L., & Reebye, P. (2006). Exposure to maternal vs. Paternal partner violence, PTSD, and aggression in adolescent girls and boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(4), 385\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.20137","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2025.2453126","volume":"37","author":"CV Mudhikwa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mudhikwa, C. V., Salters, K., Kooij, K. W., McLinden, T., Emerson, S. D., Ye, M., Li, J., Tam, C., Nicholson, V., Hogg, R. S., & Closson, K. (2025). Experiences of violence and hospitalization rates among people living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada. Aids Care, 37(3), 384\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2025.2453126","journal-title":"Aids Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/237946151900500104","volume":"5","author":"TC O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, T. C., & Tyler, T. R. (2019). Rebuilding Trust between Police & Communities through Procedural Justice & Reconciliation. Behavioral Science & Policy, 5(1), 35\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/237946151900500104","journal-title":"Behavioral Science & Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"848_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.10.004","volume":"68","author":"M\u00c1 Osc\u00f3s-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osc\u00f3s-S\u00e1nchez, M. \u00c1., Lesser, J., Osc\u00f3s-Flores, L. D., Pineda, D., Araujo, Y., Franklin, B., Hern\u00e1ndez, J. A., Hern\u00e1ndez, S., & Vidales, A. (2021). The Effects of Two Community-Based Participatory Action Research Programs on Violence Outside of and in School Among Adolescents and Young Adults in a Latino Community. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(2), 370\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.10.004","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"848_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.07.019","volume":"59","author":"SM Peitzmeier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peitzmeier, S. M., K\u00e5gesten, A., Acharya, R., Cheng, Y., Delany-Moretlwe, S., Olumide, A., Blum, R., Wm., Sonenstein, F., & Decker, M. R. (2016). Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Adolescent Males in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Globally. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(6), 696\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.07.019","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"848_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-024-09583-6","volume":"40","author":"DM Petrich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Petrich, D. M. (2024). Chronic Exposure to Community Violence and Criminal Behavior: A Marginal Structural Modeling Approach. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 40(4), 671\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10940-024-09583-6","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology"},{"key":"848_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rizzo, A. J., Scaglione, N. M., Lowe, A., & Kan, M. L. (2024). Malleable and Static Risk Factors Associated with Boys\u2019 Patterns of Interpersonal Violence: A Latent Class Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 08862605241303951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605241303951","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241303951"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246682","volume":"16","author":"AM Schuck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuck, A. M., & Widom, C. S. (2021). The roles of housing, financial, and food insecurities in understanding the relationship between childhood neglect and violence in adulthood. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0246682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246682","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"9694","key":"848_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60948-X","volume":"374","author":"M Seedat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seedat, M., Van Niekerk, A., Jewkes, R., Suffla, S., & Ratele, K. (2009). Violence and injuries in South Africa: Prioritising an agenda for prevention. The Lancet, 374(9694), 1011\u20131022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60948-X","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"848_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2022.100573","volume":"72","author":"AO Shodunke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shodunke, A. O., Oladipupo, S. A., Alabi, M. O., & Akindele, A. H. (2023). Establishing the nexus among mob justice, human rights violations and the state: Evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Law Crime and Justice, 72, 100573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2022.100573","journal-title":"International Journal of Law Crime and Justice"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"848_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP1127","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517739889","volume":"36","author":"S So","year":"2021","unstructured":"So, S., Gaylord-Harden, N. K., & Voisin, D. R. (2021). Examining the Factor Structure of the Coping With Community Violence Scale for Urban Youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1\u20132), NP1127\u2013NP1154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517739889","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"848_CR62","unstructured":"South African History Online. (2025) . Soweto, Johannesburg. https:\/\/www.sahistory.org.za\/place\/soweto-johannesburg"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8332-6","volume":"20","author":"X Sui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sui, X., Massar, K., Ruiter, R. A. C., & Reddy, P. S. (2020). Violence typologies and sociodemographic correlates in South African adolescents: A three-wave cross-sectional study. Bmc Public Health, 20(1), 221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-8332-6","journal-title":"Bmc Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"848_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2013.815699","volume":"17","author":"S Swartz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Swartz, S., & Scott, D. (2014). The rules of violence: A perspective from youth living in South African townships. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(3), 324\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13676261.2013.815699","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"848_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427807305845","volume":"44","author":"TJ Taylor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taylor, T. J., Peterson, D., Esbensen, F. A., & Freng, A. (2007). Gang Membership as a Risk Factor for Adolescent Violent Victimization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 44(4), 351\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022427807305845","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency"},{"issue":"7","key":"848_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20402","volume":"38","author":"A Teitelman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Teitelman, A., McDonald, C. C., Wiebe, D. J., Thomas, N., Guerra, T., Kassam-Adams, N., & Richmond, T. S. (2010). Youth\u2019s strategies for staying safe and coping. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(7), 874\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.20402","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"848_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093426","volume":"32","author":"JD Vigil","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vigil, J. D. (2003). Urban Violence and Street Gangs. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32(1), 225\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093426","journal-title":"Annual Review of Anthropology"},{"issue":"2","key":"848_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12132-012-9146-0","volume":"23","author":"A Wafer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wafer, A. (2012). Discourses of Infrastructure and Citizenship in Post-Apartheid Soweto. Urban Forum, 23(2), 233\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12132-012-9146-0","journal-title":"Urban Forum"},{"key":"848_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2017-042560.118","volume":"A44","author":"PN Warmanen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warmanen, P. N., Philyaw-Kotov, M. L., Epstein-Ngo, Q. M., Bonar, E. E., Walton, M. A., Buchholz, K. R., & Dent, L. M. (2017). 118 Sexual violence perpetration among emerging adults: Event-based findings from a national sample. Poster Presentations, A44, 2\u2013A44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2017-042560.118","journal-title":"Poster Presentations"},{"key":"848_CR70","unstructured":"Injuries and Violence. World Health World Health Organization, & Organization (2024). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/injuries-and-violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"848_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-020-01172-w","volume":"22","author":"ML Ybarra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ybarra, M. L., & Petras, H. (2021). Groups of Sexual Violence Perpetration in a National Sample of Youth 13\u201325 Years of Age. Prevention Science, 22(2), 205\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-020-01172-w","journal-title":"Prevention Science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40653-026-00848-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40653-026-00848-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40653-026-00848-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:53:50Z","timestamp":1788587630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40653-026-00848-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40653-026-00848-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-1521","1936-153X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-1521","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-153X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study\u2019s procedures were reviewed and approved by two university ethics committees from South Africa (ref 191001) and the United States of America (ref IRB2019-00567). Each participant received a reimbursement of R250 (US$16) for their time. Given the sensitive nature of the interviews, a distress protocol was in place, and a counsellor was available to provide psychosocial support to those who required it.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}